Download B3 Revision Mind Maps

B3 Revision Mind Maps
Define diffusion:
Explain why most sports drinks contain:
Water:
Glucose:
Ions:
What provides the following with a
large surface area?
Lungs:
Small intestine:
Leaves
Roots
Complete the table to show
the changes during ventilation
Give three features common to
efficient exchange surfaces.
What process is used
to exchange gases in
the lungs?
Inhalation
Exhalation
Diaphragm
Why is diffusion alone a sufficient means of
transport in simple organisms but not large
multicellular organisms?
Why do cells of villi have the following
features?
Lots of mitochondria?
Microvilli?
Explain the appearance of the cell below when
it is placed in a strong sugar solution.
Intercostal muscles
Ribs
Define active transport:
Volume of thorax
Image from
http://tinyurl.com/ccp2uhd
Pressure in lungs
How does carbon dioxide enter plants?
Define transpiration:
How do the following substances
get into plants?
Water
Mineral ions:
What processes are involved in the
absorption of glucose after a meal and
where do they take place?
Name four factors that increase the rate
of transpiration and explain why:
Label the
diagram of
the lungs
The iron lung helps a patient breathe through
negative pressure. How does this work?
Why do plants wilt in
dry conditions?
What cells control
the opening and
closing of stomata?
Define diffusion: movement of a substance
from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
Explain why most sports drinks contain:
Water: to replace lost fluids
Glucose: to provide fuel for respiration
Ions: to replace salts lost in sweat
What provides the following with a
large surface area?
Lungs: alveoli
Small intestine: villi
Leaves flat and thin; air spaces
Roots root hair cells
Complete the table to show
the changes during ventilation
Give three features common to
efficient exchange surfaces.
1. Large surface area
2. Thin to provide short exchange
pathway
3. High concentration gradient (good
blood supply / ventilation)
Define active transport: movement of
a substance against a concentration
gradient (from low concentration to
high concentration) using energy in the
form of ATP and carrier proteins
How does carbon dioxide enter plants?
It diffuses into o leaves through the
stomata.
Define transpiration: the loss of
water from the leaves of a plant
through the stomata
How do the following substances
get into plants?
Water Osmosis into the roots
Mineral ions: diffusion or active
transport into the roots
Why is diffusion alone a sufficient means of
transport in simple organisms but not large
multicellular organisms?
Surface area to volume is too small in big
organisms for substances to reach all cells
quickly enough to meat metabolic demands
What process is used
to exchange gases in
the lungs?
Diffusion
Inhalation
Exhalation
Diaphragm
Contracts and
flattens
Relaxes and
domes
Intercostal muscles
Contract
Relax
Ribs
Up and out
Down and in
Volume of thorax
Increases
Decreases
Pressure in lungs
Decreases
Increases
What processes are involved in the
absorption of glucose after a meal and
where do they take place?
Diffusion and active transport
Villi of small intestine
Name four factors that increase the rate
of transpiration and explain why:
1. Sunlight – causes stomata to open
2. High temperature – increases rate of
evaporation
3. High winds – increases diffusion
gradient
4. Low humidity / dry conditions – larger
diffusion gradient
Why do cells of villi have the following
features?
Lots of mitochondria? To release energy for
active transport by respiration
Microvilli? Increases surface area so speeds
up exchange
Explain the appearance of the cell below when
it is placed in a strong sugar solution.
•Water moves out the cell
•Across a partially
permeable membrane
•From a dilute solution to a
more concentrated one
•By osmosis
Image from
http://tinyurl.com/ccp2uhd
Label the
diagram of
the lungs
The iron lung helps a patient breathe through
negative pressure. How does this work?
Iron lung creates a vacuum that causes the
patient’s lungs to expand so air rushes in
rib
trachea
bronchiole
bronchus
alveoli
heart
Why do plants wilt in
dry conditions? It
reduces the surface
area from which
water can be lost
What cells control
the opening and
diaphragm closing of stomata?
Guard cells
What is the circulatory
system made up of?
Which vessels contain valves?
What is their function?
What is the function of the
circulatory system?
What is the function of a
stent?
What is the difference between
pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation?
.
Complete the table to compare veins and arteries
Label the diagram of the heart
Artery
Why are capillaries so small?
Vein
Oxygen level
(except)
Pressure
Describe the flow of blood
through the heart.
Size of lumen
Structure of
walls
Direction of
blood flow
What is the function
of xylem tissue?
What is the function
of the phloem?
Explain how a red blood cell is adapted
to its function.
Name the four components of the blood
and state the function of each.
In what form is oxygen transported
to tissues and how is it released?
What is the transpiration stream?
Give three things that are transported in
the plasma.
What is the circulatory
system made up of?
The heart, blood vessels
and blood
Which vessels contain valves?
Veins
What is their function?
Stop backflow of blood.
What is the function of the
circulatory system?
To transport substances around
the body.
aorta
Vena
cavae
Right
atrium
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
What is the difference between
pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation?
Pulmonary – flow of blood heart to
lungs to heart
Systemic – flow of blood round rest of
body then back to the heart
Complete the table to compare veins and arteries
Label the diagram of the heart
Pulmonary artery
What is the function of a
stent?
To open an artery that has
become narrowed in order
to allow efficeint blood flow
Right
ventricle
Muscle
Name the four components of the blood
and state the function of each.
•Red blood cells, - transport oxygen
•White blood cells – form part of body’s
defence system
•Platelets – help blood clotting
•Plasma – transports dissolved substances
What is the transpiration stream?
Movement of water from the roots up the
stem and out the leaves through the stomata
Why are capillaries so small?
To slow the blood and allow
exchange of nutrients and
oxygen
Describe the flow of blood
through the heart.
•Blood enters the artia
•Atria contract and force blood
into the ventricles
•Ventricles contract and force
blood out the heart
What is the function
of xylem tissue?
To transport water
and dissolved minerals
from the roots to
other parts of the
plant
Artery
Vein
Oxygen level
(except)
High
Pulmonary
Low
Pulmonary
Pressure
High
Low
Size of lumen
Narrow
Large
Structure of
walls
Thick; contain
elastin and
muscle
Away from the
heart
Thin; contain
collagen
Direction of
blood flow
What is the function
of the phloem?
To transport
dissolved sugars
around the plant
In what form is oxygen transported
to tissues and how is it released?
It combines with haemoglobin to
form oxyhaemoglobin, which splits up
to form haemoglobin and oxygen at
the tissues
Towards the
heart
Explain how a red blood cell is adapted
to its function.
•Contains haemoglobin – carries oxygen
•No nucleus – more space for
haemoglobin
•Biconcave shape – large surface area
for more efficient exchange of oxygen
Give three things that are transported in
the plasma.
•Soluble products of digestion from the
small intestine to all cells
•CO2 from body cells to the lungs
•Urea from the liver to the kidneys
What is
homeostasis?
Give two symptoms of
kidney disease.
Why is protein not found in the
urine of a healthy person?
Describe how urine is produced in a healthy person.
Give three functions of the kidney
Complete the table below on the removal of
waste products
Waste product
How is body temperature detected?
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Why is it important to maintain a
constant water concentration in the
blood?
Where it is
made
Organ that
removes it
What causes rejection of donor organs?
Toxic effects
Describe and explain the changes in blood
vessels when body temperature is too high.
Complete the table on control of blood glucose
How does dialysis work?:
Which organ monitors
and controls blood
glucose concentration?
Complete the table to compare Kidney
transplants and dialysis
What is type 1
diabetes?
Advantages
Blood glucose
Too high
Too low
Kidney
transplants
Hormone
released
Effect on body
How can type 1 diabetes
be treated?
How does sweating
help cool the body?
Dialysis
Disadvantages
What is
homeostasis?
Maintenance of a
constant internal
body environment
Give two symptoms of
kidney disease.
Accumulation of toxins in
blood; Protein in urine;
Blood in urine
Give three functions of the kidney
1.Maintain correct water concentration
of the blood
2.Maintain correct ion concentration of
blood
3. Production of urine to remove urea
How is body temperature detected?
By monitoring temperature of blood
flowing through the thermoregulatory
centre of the brain
By temperature receptors in the skin
sending impulses to the
thermoregulatory centre
Why is protein not found in the
urine of a healthy person?
Molecules are too big to fit
through
the
basement
membrane
Complete the table below on the removal of
waste products
Describe how urine is produced in a healthy person.
•Blood is filtered - All small molecules (water, salts,
sugars, urea) removed
•All sugar reabsorbed by diffusion then active transport
•Selective reabsorption of salts required by the body
reabsorbed (diffusion then active transport)
•Selective reabsorption of water required by the body
by osmosis
•All urea and excess salts and water released as urine
Waste product
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Where it is
made
Respiration in all cells
Breakdown of amino
acids in liver
Organ that
removes it
Lungs
Kidneys
Toxic effects
Makes blood acidic denatures enzymes
Poisons cells
Describe and explain the changes in blood
vessels when body temperature is too high.
•Blood vessels supplying capillaries in the skin
dilate
•More blood flows near surface of the skin
•More heat lost by radiation
How does dialysis work?:
• Person’s blood flows between partially
permeable membranes
• Dialysis fluid contains ideal concentrations
of useful substances and no urea
• Glucose and mineral ions are not lost
• Urea passes out of blood by diffusion
Complete the table on control of blood glucose
Blood glucose
Too high
Too low
Hormone
released
Insulin
Glucagon
Effect on body
Glucose into cells
and used for
respiration
Glucose into liver
and converted to
glycogen
Glycogen in liver
converted to
glucose and
released into blood
What is type 1
diabetes?
When your blood sugar
is too high because the
pancreas does not make
insulin
How can type 1 diabetes
be treated?
Controlling diet
Injecting insulin
Exercising
Why is it important to maintain a
constant water concentration in the
blood?
Too little water in blood = water leaves
cells by osmosis and they shrink and die
Too much water in blood – water enters
cells by osmosis and they swell and burst
What causes rejection of donor organs?
Antigens on the surface of the dinar
organ are recognised as foreign by the
recipient’s white blood cells
Which organ monitors
and controls blood
glucose concentration?
Pancreas
How does sweating
help cool the body?
Evaporation of water
removes heat
Complete the table to compare Kidney
transplants and dialysis
Advantages
Disadvantages
Kidney
transplants
No need to control
diet
Can use living donors
High success rate
Risk or rejection
Must take
immunosuppressants
High risk in surgery
Dialysis
Readily available
No waiting list
No need for tissue
typing
Short term treatment
Time consuming
Strict dietary control
Risk of infection
State 2 reasons for a large
increase in the amount of waste
produced in the world
How is biogas made?
What are the two main
gases in biogas?
State two ways in which we can increase
the efficiency of food production. :
Name 3 things that can pollute water
Explain how acid rain is caused
Give two ways in which CO2 can
be removed from the atmosphere
Why are increasing concentrations of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere a
problem?
State two ways in which fishing
can be made more sustainable
What is eutrophication?
What is a biofuel? Give an example
Name 3 ways in which
humans destroy the
habitats of other
organisms
Give two reasons or large-scale
deforestation in recent years
Give two conditions
needed for producing
mycoprotein.
What is the biodiversity of an area?
What gas is released when
peat is decomposed?
Why are most biogas generators
kept underground?
Name the fungus used to
produce mycoprotein?
Explain why deforestation increases
the concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere
Why must the outlets in
biogas generators be
sealed with oil?
Why is mycoprotien
considered to be a
healthy food?
Give an advantage of using
invertebrates rather than chemical
tests to monitor pollution.
Give two reasons for the increase
in methane in the atmosphere?
Describe 4 possible consequences of global warming.
State 2 reasons for a large
increase in the amount of waste
produced in the world
Rapidly increasing population
Increase in standard of living
How is biogas made?
Fermentation
(anaerobic
respiration)
of
biological
matter by microbes
What are the two main
gases in biogas?
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Name 3 things that can pollute water
Fertilisers
Toxic chemicals from factories
Sewage
Explain how acid rain is caused
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are released when fossil fuels are
burned
These dissolve in rainwater
What is eutrophication?
Excess fertilisers are washed into
rivers and lakes
They encourage the growth of algal
blooms
These use up all the oxygen available
in the water so aquatic organisms die
Explain why deforestation increases
the concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere
•Reduces the number of plants
taking CO2 in for photosynthesis
•Remaining tree stumps are
decomposed by bacteria, releasing
CO2 when they respire
•Burning wood releases CO2
What is the biodiversity of an area?
The range of different species
(plants, animals, microbes) in a
particular area
Give two ways in which CO2 can
be removed from the atmosphere
•Photosynthesis
•Dissolves in oceans and lakes and
trapped in rocks
Why are most biogas generators
kept underground?
So they are warm enough to provide
the optimum temperature for
microbial enzymes
What is a biofuel? Give an example
Fuel made from animal or plant
matter
E.g. Ethanol. biodiesel
Give two reasons or large-scale
deforestation in recent years
To clear land for agriculture
To provide timbre for houses
Give two conditions
needed for producing
mycoprotein.
Glucose syrup
Lack of oxygen
State two ways in which we can increase
the efficiency of food production. :
Reduce the number of stages in the food
chain
Reduce energy losses in animals by keeping
them warm or restricting their movement
Why are increasing concentrations of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere a
problem?
Leads to global warming
State two ways in which fishing
can be made more sustainable
Introduce fishing quotas
Only use nets with large mesh so
young fish are not trapped
Name the fungus used to
produce mycoprotein?
Fusarium
Name 3 ways in which
humans destroy the
habitats of other
organisms
Building
Quarrying
Farming
Dumping waste
Why is mycoprotien
considered to be a
healthy food?
High in protein
Low in fat
Why must the outlets in
biogas generators be
sealed with oil?
To prevent oxygen from
entering.
What gas is released when
peat is decomposed?
Carbon dioxide
Give an advantage of using
invertebrates rather than chemical
tests to monitor pollution.
They are more sensitive
Needs less equipment
Give two reasons for the increase
in methane in the atmosphere?
Growing more rice in paddy fields
Rearing more cattle in agriculture
Describe 4 possible consequences of global warming.
•Drastic changes in the Earth’s climate – extreme
weather
•A rise in sea levels – melting ice caps -> flooding of
low lying areas and Restruction of habitats
•reduced biodiversity – organisms become extinct
due inability to adapt to changing climate
•Changes in migration patterns, e.g. in birds, insects
(knock on effects)
•Changes in the distribution of species – changing
climates (may extend or reduce)