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Keywords: Active Transport, Haemoglobin, Anaerobic, Glycogen, Oxygen Debt. Dialysis Blood Plasma-liquid carries blood cells and other substances e.g. glucose and CO2. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin this binds to oxygen creating oxyhaemoglobin, the oxygen can then be released to cells. White blood cells make antibodies Platelets help clotting Active Transport Used to move substances from low to high concentration (against a concentration gradient) it requires energy so cells involved often have a lot of mitochondria E.g. in the gut nutrients are moved from gut (low conc) to blood (high conc). Exercise and the body Ventilation how air enters and leaves the body Muscles use aerobic respiration to release energy Glucose +oxygen carbon dioxide +water. What do ribs do? Glycogen in muscle cells is also converted to glucose More exercise means more muscle activity so What does more glucose and oxygen must be diaphragm do supplied and more carbon dioxide must Space inside chest be removed to enable this… 1) Breathing rate increase and breathe Pressure deeper to meet the extra oxygen demand Lungs 2) Heart pumps faster 3) Arteries supplying the muscles dilate Villi- projections in gut to increase surface area Insects spiracles (opening in body) allow gases to diffuse in. Oxygen is delivered direct to tissues via tracheoles. The tubes, are thin and moist and air is pumped through by the insect to maintain a concentration gradient. Breathing In Breathing Out Move up & out Move down & in Move down Moves up Gets bigger Gets smaller Decrease Increases Inflate Deflate Arteries- carry blood away from heart. Veins-carry blood towards heart and contain valves to prevent back flow Capillaries-walls are a single cell thick to allow exchange via diffusion Leaves Waxy cuticle-keeps water in Alveoli Palisade layer-cells contain lots of chloroplasts to capture light Large surface area to maximise diffusion Stomata on lower surface to allow gases in/out, they can be closed by guard cells to conserve water Moist so that gases can dissolve and diffuse. Spongy mesophyll layer has air spaces to allow gases to move between cells Thin and flat so there is a short distance over which diffusion occurs Thin walls =short distance for diffusion Good blood supply via capillaries this maintains a steep concentration gradient. Keywords: Fermentation, Lactic Acid, Transpiration, Capillaries, Biofuels, Alveoli, Surface Area, Diffusion, Aseptic Transplants Dialysis Yeast-a single celled microbe it can respire with or without oxygen Good Live more normal life e.g eat what you want Allows to survive don’t need operation and no risk of rejection Bad Long waiting list Take drugs that suppress immune system so risk of infection Expensive to run Not pleasant and several sessions a week needed Making bread- the yeast respires making CO2 which gets trapped causing the bread to rise Alcohol - barley grains are soaked in water. Germination begins and enzymes break down the starch in the grains into a sugary solution (malting). This solution is used as an energy source for the yeast. The yeast and sugar mixture is fermented to produce alcohol, when hops are often added to give the drink its flavour. When making wine sugars in grapes are used by the yeast cells as an energy source. Anaerobic Respiration Glucose broken down without oxygen, occurs during vigorous exercise when enough oxygen can’t be supplied to the muscles. Glucose energy +lactic acid Allows muscles to keep working but does not release as much energy as aerobic respiration and build up of lactic acid is painful. Double Circulation System The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to collect oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. The left side pumps oxygenated blood around body. Leads to oxygen debt, oxygen is needed after exercise to break down lactic acid in to CO2 and water. Kidneys (made up of nephrons) 1) A high pressure forces water, urea, ions and sugar out of the blood and into the Bowmans capsule. Large molecules like proteins and blood cells can not fit through. 2) Useful substances are reabsorbed; all sugar is but the amount of ions and water reabsorbed will vary. (the reabsorption is via active transport) 3) Remaining substances including urea continue down nephron and down to bladder via collecting duct. 1 2 3 Fermenters Used to grow microbes on a large scale, the following are required; Making Cheese Bacteria are added to milk, solid curds are formed. The curds are separated from the liquid whey and left to mature. Making Yoghurt Milk is heated to kill any bacteria, a starter bacteria culture is then added. Bacteria ferment lactose sugar into lactic acid. The lactic acid causes the milk to clot and solidify. -food in nutrient medium Biogas -air to provide oxygen This can be made by anaerobic fermentation of waste material in a generator -water cooled jacket as microbes make heat by respiration -pH probe -stirrer to keep microbes in suspension and maintain even temperature Batch generator-gas is made in small batches the generator is filled with waste and cleared at the end of each session Continuous- gas is made all the time as waste material is continually fed in and digested material removed. Biofuels Ethanol is made from sugar cane juice or from glucose obtained from maize starch. Advantages- doesn’t contribute to acid rain, is carbon neutral as any CO2 released was taken in by plants, uses cheap and readily available materials, digested material can be used as a fertiliser.