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6/17/17
Bio 11 Lecture Test 2 – Study Guide
Disclaimer: This study guide is based on last year’s Bio11 lectures and is meant to help
you focus your studying. It will probably be revised before test 2.
Ch. 6 Musculoskeletal system
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Describe the structure and function of spongy and compact bone.
What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone growth, remodeling
and repair?
What is osteoporosis?
What are the functions of skeletal muscles?
Describe the structure of skeletal muscles and muscle fibers.
Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. What are the roles of
the actin and myosin filaments? What signals muscle contraction? What is the
role of ATP? Calcium?
Where do skeletal muscle cells get the energy (ATP) needed for contraction?
Ch. 7 Control systems: Nervous system
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Know the functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord.
What structures protect the CNS?
Describe the three types of neurons and their roles in the nervous system.
Describe the structure of a neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon). What is the
function of the myelin sheath?
Understand the organization of the nervous system. What is the difference
between the central and peripheral nervous systems? a neuron and a nerve?
How are electrical signals sent through the neuron? What is an action potential?
How does the nerve impulse cross the synapse? What are neurotransmitters?
In general, how do recreational drugs work?
Ch. 17 Control systems: Endocrine system
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Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
How do hormones recognize their target cells?
Describe the difference between steroid and peptide hormones. How do their
mechanisms of action differ?
What parts of the brain secrete hormones? Why are they called “master”
endocrine glands?
Most hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback. How does this work?
Describe a) the functions of human growth hormone and thyroxine (T3/T4) and b)
diseases associated with under- and over-production of these hormones.
Which hormones regulate blood glucose and calcium homeostasis. Why are
these hormones called antagonists?
What is diabetes (Type 1 and 2) and how might you prevent Type 2 diabetes?
Ch. 18, 20 Cell division: growth and gametes
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Describe chromosome structure. What are homologous chromosomes? What do
we mean by diploid? haploid?
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Explain the cell cycle. Why is interphase important? What happens to the
chromosomes during mitosis? What is cytokinesis?
Understand why cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. What is apoptosis?
Compare mitosis and meiosis. What is the purpose of each type of cell division?
How do the parent and daughter cells for these 2 types of cell division differ?
What are the roles of meiosis and fertilization in sexual reproduction?
Understand how sexual reproduction generates genetic variability.
How do chromosome abnormalities arise? What is trisomy?
Ch. 20 Genes and Inheritance
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Be able to define gene, allele, genotype and phenotype, dominant and recessive
traits. What is meant when an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for an
allele?
Know the convention used to assign letters to genetic traits (e.g., BB or Aa).
Be able to distinguish the genotype of gametes and somatic (body) cells.
Be able to analyze a genetic cross using a Punnett square.
Describe more complex patterns of inheritance: traits controlled by more than
one gene, incomplete dominance, codominance.
Understand how sex-linked disorders are inherited.
Ch. 18, 19 Reproduction
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Male anatomy: know the function of the testes, vas deferens, urethra
Female anatomy: know the function of the vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tubes,
ovaries
Understand the roles of the hormones that coordinate reproduction in males and
females: FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
Know the following terms: spermatogenesis, ovulation, menstruation, fertilization,
implantation
What happens during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy? What is the
role of the placenta?
Family planning: know how different birth control methods work.