Download Chapter 29 Note Outline

World History
Chapter 29: The Great War
Name ____________________________
Essential Questions:
I.
The Stage is Set for War
A. An Uneasy Peace Grips Europe
- During the 19th century Europe was trying to establish a
______________________________________ that would do away with war
- While peace and goodwill characterized European relations for the first half of the
1900s, there were 4 main forces at work that would eventually
_________________________________________
B. Steady Rise of Nationalism (1)
- The first such force was the steady rise of nationalism- _____________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Imperialism (2)
D. Militarism (3)
- Yet another force that helped to set the stage for war in Europe was the rise of
militarism- the policy of _____________________________________ and
______________________________________________________________
E. Alliance System (4)
- Growing rivalries and mistrust between nations had led to several
___________________________________ between European powers
II.
Tangled Alliances
A. Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
- Prussia’s “iron and blood” chancellor, Otto von Bismarck had freely used war to
unify Germany, but after 1871 he turned his attention to ensuring peace in Europe
- Bismarck saw ___________ as the greatest threat to Europe’s peace and sought to
isolate them without allies so they would not be tempted to attack their neighbors
- __________________________________________________________________
- Bismarck took another ally away from France by signing a treaty with Russia
B. Shifting Alliances Threaten Peach
- In 1890 Germany’s foreign policy changed greatly when Kaiser Wilhelm II
came to power
- Wilhelm did not want to share power with anyone and he wanted to show how
great Germany’s military had become
- Wilhelm did not renew the treaty with Russia who responded by
________________________________________________________________
- __________________________________________________________________
- Wilhelm then began to build a navy to equal that of Great Britain
- This alarmed Britain and resulted in them forming an alliance with ____________
__________________________________________________________________
- As a result the entire continent was in danger of being dragged into war
III.
-
-
Crisis in the Balkans
A. Europe’s Powder Keg- the Balkan Peninsula
By the 1900s the Ottoman Empire, which included the Balkan Peninsula, was
beginning to fall apart
As some Balkan groups began to break away from the Ottoman Empire new
nations began to form: _______________________________________________
Nationalism was stronger than ever in these newly formed nations and each nation
longed to extend its borders
B. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
On June 28th, 1914 there was a “spark” that would set off this Balkan powder
keg:
World History
Chapter 29 Section Two Notes
Name _________________________
War Consumes Europe
I.
The Alliance System Collapses
A. A Chain Reaction
- As a result of Austria’s declaration of war, _________________________
to the Russian-Austrian border and towards the German border as a
precaution
- Germany saw this move as a threat and ____________________________
on August 1, 1914
- 2 days later ______________________________, who was Russia’s ally
B. The Schlieffen Plan
- Germany’s plan for the war was called the Schlieffen Plan- ____________
____________________________________________________________
- The reason for attacking France first was b/c Germany believed that
Russia would have a harder time mobilizing their troops because of
Russia’s poor railroad system
- Speed was very important to this plan and France had already loaded their
border with troops
- _______________________________________________________, but
Belgium was neutral and refused the Germans entry
- Germany then invaded Belgium, which caused ______________________
__________________on August 4, 1914- This Great War had begun
C. European Nations Take Sides in the Great War
- ____________________ and __________________ became known as the
Central Powers based on their position in Europe- Bulgaria and Ottoman
Empire would eventually join Germany and Austria
- _____________________, ________________, and ______________
were known as the Allied Powers- Japan and Italy later joined the Allies
II.
A Bloody Stalemate Along the Western Front
A. The Conflict Grinds to a Halt
- The Germans’ Schlieffen Plan worked well at first and they were soon at
the edge of Paris
B. A New Kind of War- Trenches and Mechanized Warfare
- By early 1915 opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of
parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire
- This became known as Trench Warfare- __________________________
in which armies traded huge losses of life to gain pitifully small amounts
of land
III.
The Battle on the Eastern Front
A. Central Powers Gain the Advantage
- Even as the war on the Western Front claimed thousands of lives, both
sides were sending millions more soldiers to fight on the Eastern Front- a
stretch of battlefield along the ___________________________________
- Germany counterattacked Russia’s invasion of Austria and Germany
- Germany was able to force the Russian’s back and regained control of
East Prussia
- ____________________________________________________________
B. Russia’s War Effort Weakens
- By 1916- Russia’s war effort was near collapsing because they were not
yet industrialized enough to handle this modern form of war
- Russian armies were constantly short of ___________, ___________,
___________________, and _____________________
- The Allies were unable to send supplies to the Russians because Germany
had cut off the Baltic Sea and the Ottomans controlled the straits of the
Mediterranean
- _________________________________________________- but those
were dwindling as well; Russia lost nearly 2 million troops in 1915 alone
Map Activity: Using your notes and Chapter 29 in your book, complete the following on
the map.
1.
-
Label the following countries:
Great Britain
France
Italy
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Serbia
Russia
2. Identify each labeled country as a member of one of the following groups:
- Central Powers- color red
- Allies- color green
3. Number each labeled country in the order they entered the war.
- For example- Austria-Hungary should be #1 and Serbia #2 etc…
World History Chapter 29 Section Three Notes
A Global Conflict
-
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
I.
War Affects the World
as the war dragged on, the main combatants looked beyond Europe for a way to
end the stalemate; __________________________________________________
A. The Gallipoli Campaign
The allies needed to secure a __________________________________- so they
intended to take the Dardanelles Strait; this strait was the gateway to an eastern
route to Russia
This campaign began in February 1915, and was called the Gallipoli Campaign,
because the battlefield was on the Gallipoli Peninsula
British, French, New Zealand, and Australian forces made several attempts on the
Gallipoli Peninsula- _________________________________________________
The Allies gave up and evacuated in December 1915, they had lost 250,000
troops in this unsuccessful campaign
B. Battles in Africa and Asia
Allied troops attacked/conquered German colonial possessions in Africa and Asia
Elsewhere in Asia and Africa- England and France ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
These resources included fighting troops as well as laborers
Other colonial people worked to keep supplies flowing to the front lines of their
European rulers
C. America Joins the Fight
In 1917- __________________________________________________________
Germans intensified the submarine warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean
since shortly after the war began
In January 1917, Germans announced- __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
On May 7, 1915, a German sub sank the Lusitania. a British passenger ship
__________________________________________________________________
Germany claimed the Lusitania was carrying ammunition from the U.S. to Britain
(which it was) and was therefore a war ship
Soon after the Lusitania Germany called off unrestricted submarine warfare- but
returned to the policy in 1917, knowing that it might lead the U.S. to enter the war
Ignoring warnings from US President, Woodrow Wilson, ___________________
_______________________________________________________________
In February 1917- __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
This note was intercepted by the United States- the Zimmerman note became the
“last straw” and Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany on
April 2, 1917
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
II.
War Affects the Home Front
When the U.S. joined, the war had been raging for 3 years and had killed more
Europeans than wars in the previous 3 centuries combined
A. Governments Wage Total War
World War I soon became a total war — _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was
dedicated to winning the conflict
__________________________________________________________________
Unemployment in many European countries all but disappeared
So many goods were in short supply so the government had to resort to
rationing—________________________________________________________
Governments suppressed antiwar activity- censored news about the war
Also used propaganda –_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
B. Women and the War
Total war meant that women would be turned to for help like never before-
C. Russia Withdraws
1917 civil unrest in Russia, due in large part to war related shortages of food and
fuel, _____________________________________________________________
A temporary government took control and pledged to keep fighting
III.
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Allies Win the War
A. The Central Powers Collapse
With Russia withdrawing from the war Germany was able to send
________________________________________________________________
Germany was able to push their way to the Marne River again but this left the
Germans tired
The Allies noticed this and with the help of 140,000 U.S. troops launched a
counter attack
In July 1918, the Germans and Allies clashed at the Second Battle of Marne
The Allies were able to ______________________________________________,
and slowly advance into Germany
Soon after the Bulgarians and the Ottomans surrendered
•
•
•
•
In October of 1918, revolution swept through Austria-Hungary and ___________
____________________________________ and the public turned on the Kaiser
On November 19, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down from the German throne
Germany declared itself a republic and sent a representative to meet with French
Commander Marshal Foch in a railway car near Paris to sign an armistice —
_________________________________________________________________
November 11, 1918 World War I came to an end
Chapter 29: Section 4
A Flawed Peace
I.
The Allies Meet at Versailles
- On January 18, 1919 - _______________________________
____________________________________________________
- The Conference was held at the Palace of Versailles (outside of
Paris)- 32 countries were represented at what became known as
the Paris Peace Conference
- Major decision makers were known as the big four:
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
A. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
- Wilson came up with a series of proposals known as the
Fourteen Points- Outlined a plan for achieving a just and lasting
peace
- The first five points:
1. __________________________________________
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Free trade
4. __________________________________________
5. Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial
people
6-13. Suggestions for changing borders and creating new
nations
14. General association of nations that would protect big and
small estates alike- called the League of Nations
- Main idea- _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
B. The Allies Dictate a Harsh Peace
- Britain and France did not support Wilson’s points at first
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
- The treaty was signed five years to the day after the assassination
of Franz Ferdinand
- Wilson’s 14th point was the only one adopted- the League of
Nations was created
- ___________________________________________________Germany lost territories and restrictions were placed on its
operations
- Harshest punishment was Article 231 also known as “war guilt”
clause
- War guilt clause:
1. ________________________________________________
2. Germany had to pay reparations to the allies (33 billion
over thirty years)
C. Creation of New Nations
- ____________________________________________________
- Out of Austria-Hungry: Austria, Hungary, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia created
- Ottoman Empire lost Southwest Asia into mandates rather than
independent. Britain took control of Palestine, Iraq, and
Transjordan.
- France took control of Syria and Lebanon
II.
The Legacy of the War
A. The War’s Extreme Cost