Download Ch. 4 Notes

Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
Compounds
• Every organism is made up of either ____________________ compounds.
Organic Compounds
• Occur naturally in living things.
• All organic compounds contain ______________________.
• Organic compounds are very important to living systems and include
__________________________________________________________.
• Most contain hydrogen and may contain oxygen and/or nitrogen or other
elements.
• Carbon bonds store a great deal of energy.
• C-C bonds are called ______________________. Covalent bonds are very
strong and require __________________________________.
• Many organic substances are _________________________ that are linked
together to form larger macromolecules _____________________.
• Many monomer subunits joined together form the many types of molecules
of life.
• _____________ – A compound with the same formula, different
arrangement of atoms.
Inorganic Compounds
• Any compound that is not an organic compound is inorganic.
• Inorganic compounds generally do not contain _______________ and are
often _________________________.
• Carbon Dioxide and other carbonate compounds such as Calcium
Carbonate are exceptions.
• Ammonia, a common waste product produced by organisms, does not
contain carbon and therefore is inorganic.
• Inorganic compounds are vital components in ____________________ in
living systems.
Water: An Important Inorganic Compound
• Water permeates all living systems and is crucial to life.
• It is a _____________, able to ____________ anything given enough time.
• Living cells could not carry the many nutrients through tissues if it were
not for water.
• Water is composed of ____________ atoms and ________________ atom.
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
• The Oxygen atom is able to exert a _____________ than the electrons from
the Hydrogen atom. This unequal sharing of electrons results in a _______
_______________________________________ of the molecule.
• Molecules that have a positive and negative end are referred to as _______
___________. Water is a _______________________________ molecule.
• Water acts as a ____________in living systems. A ______________ is the
substance that is usually in the larger amount when dissolving occurs.
• The ______________________ is the substance that is dissolved.
• Due to the ________________of the water molecule it gives water some
other characteristics.
• __________ is the ability of the water molecules to __________________.
Eg. A drop of water & surface tension.
• ____________ – the ability of the water molecules to ________________.
This makes it a great solvent because the adhesion between the water
molecules and the solute is _______________ the cohesive forces _______
_______________________________.
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are essential for life. They tend to be larger and more
complex.
Important Groups of Organic Compounds:
• ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________
• ____________________________________________
Carbohydrates
• _______________________are the simplest of sugars.
• They are the monomers that make up the larger more complex sugars
called ____________________ and _________________________.
• Carbohydrates are composed of ______________________. Carbohydrates
have the general formula [CH2O]n where n is a number between 3 and 6.
Note that the number of H is always ____________ of O for carbohydrates.
• Important monosaccharides include ribose (C5H10O5), glucose (C6H12O6),
and fructose (same formula but different structure than glucose).
• Carbohydrates function in ________________________ (such as sugar); as
intermediate-term energy storage (__________ for plants and __________
for animals); and as ____________________components in cells (cellulose
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
in the cell walls of plants and many protists), and chitin in the exoskeleton
of insects and other arthropods.
• Monosaccharides are able to bond together forming chains of complex
carbohydrates.
• Disaccharides are 'double-sugars' that bond as a result of ______________.
• If many bonds form the molecule is called a ________________________.
Dehydration Synthesis (pg. 61)
• The process by which larger molecules are created and ______is produced
as a by product.
• Eg. C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O
Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water
Hydrolysis (pg. 68)
• Breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules with ____________.
• Common in digestion.
Eg. C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Lipids
• _____________are commonly referred to as lipids.
• Lipids are primarily ___________________________ molecules that do
not dissolve readily in water.
• Lipids store much more energy than an equivalent amount of __________.
• Many animals and plants store fats as a reserve energy supply. Plants store
sugars as ___________ (corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil).
• Fats also act as insulators and cushioning agents.
• The human body stores fats naturally to protect high impact areas.
• Lipids are composed of ________________________________________.
Saturated/Unsaturated Fats
• Fatty acids that contain ________________________ are termed ________
fatty acids; those that contain ___________________________ fatty acids.
• Saturated fats are _______________ at room temperature (eg. _________).
• Consumption of _____________ fats is linked to heart disease and is likely
a more important factor than cholesterol.
• Unsaturated fats are ____________________ at room temperature.
• Unsaturated fats may be _________________ which forces oils to become
solid at room temperature.
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
• Hydrogenation of oils makes our French fries taste extra good. But... If oil
is constantly reused, like in fast food French fry machines, more and more
of the cis bonds are changed to trans until significant numbers of fatty acids
with trans bonds build up.
• The reason this is of concern is that fatty acids with trans bonds are
carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
Phospholipids
• Phospholipids are fats that are ___________________________________
and act as 'messengers' that allow for cell to cell communication and
recognition.
• Phospholipids are comprised of a 'head' and two 'tails'.
• The 'phospho' of the phospholipids refer to the phosphate group that is
added to one of the fatty acids.
• The phospholipid bilayer that is the 'skin' of the cell protects the cell's
contents acting as a crossing guard. Only those chemicals and proteins that
are recognized are allowed to enter the cell.
• The phospholipids are able to slip and move past one another much like a
fluid. We will discuss more on this during our study of cells.
Cholesterol and Steroids
• When mention of these two lipids in the news it is usually negative.
However, both are natural and necessary substances for normal cell
function.
• Cholesterol strengthens the fluid like cell membrane, stiffening it for
support.
• Excess cholesterol stiffens the cell membrane too much leading to many
health problems. Most notably atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries.
• Human steroids such as estrogen and testosterone act as sexual hormones
in our bodies.
• The basic unit of steroids is four interlocked carbon rings.
Nucleic Acids
• There are two types of nucleic acids: ____________________.
• _______________________________________ that plays a role in _____
________________________________________________.
• ________ is a ________________________________________________.
• A strand of DNA contains ________, areas that code for some aspect of the
organism.
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
• DNA can be thought of as an instruction manual.
• The DNA instruction manual has 46 paired chapters called ____________.
• We receive ________________________ each from our father and mother.
• __________________ on the chromosomes indicate specific instructions.
• DNA is organized as __________________________ strands...your hands
are also complementary items.
• The bonds holding the complementary strands together are ____________.
• Nucleic acids are very long molecules (_______________) composed of
monomer units called ________________________.
• The main functions of the long sequence of nucleic acids are ___________
________________________, and _______________________________.
• Nucleotides are composed of a __________________________________.
• The sugars come in two 'flavours' either ___________________________.
• There are five nitrogenous bases: _______________________ (purines
with a double-ring arrangement) and ______________________________
(pyrimidines) which have a single-ring.
• The nitrogenous bases link via hydrogen bonds forming a zipper like
molecule.
• DNA forms a twisted ladder shape commonly called a ________________.
• Nitrogenous bases always pair in a specific pattern.
• ____________ always bonds with ______________ and _____________
always bonds with ___________________.
• RNA has a similar structure to DNA except that is a ______________.
The base _____________ replaces ________________ in a strand of RNA.
Proteins
• Proteins (also known as _________________) are very important in living
systems as control and structural elements.
• __________________________ are the two most common type of
proteins. _____________ act as ________________, promoting chemical
reactions without themselves being changed in any way.
• Proteins are compounds that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Some may contain sulfur and phosphorus.
• The building blocks of any protein are the _________________________.
• Amino acids have an ________________ and a _____________________.
In addition, a hydrogen is attached along with an 'R' group.
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
• The 'R' group is _______________ and there are 20 different attachments.
Therefore, only 20 different amino acids make up the many possible
protein combinations.
• Proteins are generally __________________________________________.
• Bonds between each amino acid are called _________________________.
• Proteins are also called _______________________________.
• The bond forms between the _________________________ group of the
bonding amino acids.
• In addition to the peptide bond forming, ________ is also produced as a
byproduct.
• Recall that complex sugar formation also formed water in a ____________
___________ reaction. During peptide formation of proteins, dehydration
synthesis also occurs. _______________ occurs to break the peptide bond.
Enzymes
• Enzymes are necessary for most chemical reactions that take place in the
cell.
• Enzymes control reactions in the cell so the heat produced can be used by
the organism for useful work/energy.
• The 'burning' of glucose is controlled by enzymes.
• Enzymes act upon a _________________________.
• The _______________ may be a foreign protein (antigen) or it may be a
nutrient that requires digestion to be useful in the cell.
• On the surface of the enzyme is a region called the _____________ where
the ________________________________.
• Enzymes are ________________ to only __________________________.
• Enzymes usually end with the suffix ___________. Sucrase breaks down
sucrose, lipase – lipids, lactase – lactose, etc.
Enzyme Function
• There are 2 models how an enzyme and a substrate fit together at the active
site.
• The ______________________ proposes that the active site is a ________
__________ that will _________________________________. Just like a
lock and key, only 1 key will fit a lock and open it.
• The __________________ proposes that and enzyme is not a __________.
The enzyme ____________________ as the substrate enters the active site,
weakening chemical bonds in the substrate, helping the reaction to proceed.
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Biology 30 - Ch.4 Chemical Compounds of Life Notes
• Enzymes have specific conditions that allow them to work effectively.
• __________________________ and _______________play a huge role in
the effectiveness of enzymes.
• If these 2 are not optimal, enzymes will __________________ and its
active site will cease to function.
• Some enzymes require a ___________________ to function. A ________
is a substance that helps the enzyme _____________________. It often
fits into part of the active site along with the substrate.
• Coenzymes are not ________________________________________.
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