Download BL 406 Human & Comparative Anatomy

BL 406
Human &
Comparative
Anatomy
What is this course about?
Human & Comparative Anatomy
• Human
Focuses on us, humans.
• Comparative
Examines similarities & differences
among humans and other vertebrates.
• Anatomy
Tissue or organ level of structure.
It’s basically a hybrid course focused on
anatomy as a biological science.
Comparison - Homology
• What does it mean to be “the same”
thing?
“Modern” Types of Homology
• Phylogenetic Homology = Homology
of structures among different species.
• Sexual Homology = Homology of
structures among individuals of
different sexes in the same species.
• Serial Homology = Homology of
structures within an organism.
• Developmental Homology =
Homology of structures within the
same organism over time.
Phylogenetic Homology
Human Serial, Sexual, &
Developmental Homology
Serial
Devel. Devel.
Sexual
Inclusive Homology Definition
• Homology = similarity due to
continuity of biological information or
instruction.
VanValen, 1984/Hasprunar, 1992
• What is that information?
Genes
Evolutionary Misconception
• Misconception = Evolution is linearly
directed with humans the “highest”
organisms.
• Common Decent = organisms share
geneological descent;
evolution = branching; NOT linear
• Speciation forms new species (change
independently).
Views of Evolution
Diagrams
• Phylogenetic tree / Cladogram =
Branching diagram that represents
evolutionary relationships among
species.
Monophyletic Group
• Monophyletic group (Clade) = A
group composed of an ancestor and
all of its descendants;
everything an ancestor becomes.
• Considered to be a historical
individual.
• The ONLY taxonomic groups (above
species) recognized to be real in this
course.
Cladogram
Cladogram Shape
• Cladograms can be drawn in many
different ways.
• The connections between organisms
are the data.
• Position does NOT infer progress.
• Cladograms can be rotated around
any node (the information does not
change).
Cladogram Rotation
A
B
C
D
E
Cladogram Rotation
A
B
C
E
D
Cladogram Rotation
A
E
D
B
C
Cladogram Style
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
A
B
C
D
E
C
D
E
Data
• Data = Variation among species.
• E.g., members of two species may be
white and the members of three
species may be red.
• BOTH red and white are NOT data.
• The inferred transformation from
white to red or red to white is the
datum.
Outgroup
• Outgroup = species or group outside
the group being studied.
Compare traits in the species studied to
the outgroup.
To determine which is the “ancestral”
out
trait.
group A B C D E
Data
• Outgroup species is white suggests...
• Outgroup species is red suggests...
he
s c rs
al
es
ur
et
er
s
am
ni
on
at
fe
Chicken
Pigeon
Lizard
Rat
Human
Frog-OG
ha
ir
Phylogeny Reconstruction
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Phylogeny Reconstruction
hair
Chicken
feathers
Pigeon
scales
Lizard
ureters
amnion
Rat
Human
es
rb
on
gs
on
ni
ip
en
m
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ea
1
le
am
Snake
Lizard
Rat
Frog
Bass
Shark-OG
he
e
sc pide
al rm
es a
l
es
Phylogeny Reconstruction
sh
ar
k
ba
ss
fro
g
m
am
m
liz al
ar
d
sn
ak
e
Phylogeny Reconstruction
amnion
lost
sc.
hp.
scales
hemipenes
legs
ear bone
amnion
8
sh
ar
k
ba
ss
fro
g
m
am
m
liz al
ar
d
sn
ak
e
Phylogeny Reconstruction
legs
lost
scales
hemipenes
amnion
ear bone
legs
6
Data Matrix 1
dolphin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
hippopotamus
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
cow
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
camel
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
human
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
mouse
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Opossum-OG
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
6
7
Data Matrix 2
1
2
3
4
Ostrich
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Emu
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Chicken
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Duck
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Gull
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
Crow
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
Robin
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
Alligator-OG
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
How are they related?
Aus
Bus
Cus
Dus
OUTGROUP
Anatomical Directions
Anterior – Posterior
Dorsal – Ventral
Medial – Lateral
Proximal – Distal
Also Superficial – Deep
Anatomical Directions
Anterior – Posterior
Cranial – Caudal
Rostral - Caudal
Dorsal – Ventral
Medial – Lateral
Proximal – Distal
Also Superficial – Deep
Anatomical Directions
Anterior – Posterior
Cranial – Caudal
Rostral - Caudal
Dorsal – Ventral
Medial – Lateral
Proximal – Distal
Also Superficial – Deep
Human Anatomical Directions
Human Anatomy-Cavities
internal
jugular
external
jugular
common
carotid
artery
subclavian
artery
brachial
veins
descending superior
aorta
vena cava
inferior
vena cava
brachial
artery
brachiocephalic
artery
subclavian
vein
brachiocephalic
vein
renal
artery
renal
vein
common
iliac
artery
common
iliac
vein
femoral
artery
superior
vena
cava
femoral
vein
superior
vena
cava
aorta
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary trunk
right
atrium
left
atrium
left
atrium
right
atrium
left
ventricle
right
ventricle
inferior
vena
cava
left
ventricle
right
ventricle
inferior
vena
cava
Masseter
sternocleidomastoid
Rectus
abdominis
part of quadriceps