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The electric field
Submitted by: I.D. 040460479
The problem:
An isolated electrical wire is charged uniformly with charge q and bent into a circular shape (radius
R) with a small hole b R (where b is the arc length).
What is the electrical field in the middle of the circle?
The solution:
The simple solution is to use superposition.
The electric field in the middle of a complete ring is, of course, zero.
Now we’ll sum up the field of a complete ring with the field of a very small wire of the same size
and shape as the hole but with a negative charge.
~ = kλb
x̂
Because b R the wire can be taken as a negative point charge and, therefore, the field is E
R2
q
(when we take the hole to be on the X axis and λ = 2πR ).
It is also possible to calculate the field directly. Taking ~r = (0, 0, 0) and ~r0 = (R cos θ, R sin θ, 0) we
have
kdq
(−R cos θ, −R sin θ, 0)
R3
dq = λRdθ
Z −α
kλ
kλRdθ0
~
(−R cos θ0 , −R sin θ0 , 0) =
(2 sin α, 0, 0)
E =
3
R
R
α
~ =
dE
(1)
(2)
(3)
where ±α are the angles of the edges of the bent wire (or, the upper and lower limits of the hole).
Since b R we can approximate tan α ' sin α = b/2
R .
Substituting into the expression for the field we obtain
~ = kλb x̂
E
R2
(4)
1
‫‪2414‬‬
‫נתונה דיסקה מלאה ודקה הנמצאת במישור ‪ x − y‬ומרכזה בראשית‪.‬‬
‫רדיוס הדיסקה ‪ R‬ונתון כי צפיפות המטען עליה היא ‪.σ(ϕ) = σ0 cos2 ϕ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬מצאו את השדה לאורך ציר ‪z‬‬
‫‪ .2‬איך יראה השדה בגבול ‪?z R‬‬
‫פתרון‬
‫סעיף ‪1‬‬
‫השדה החשמלי מוגדר לפי‪:‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪kdq‬‬
‫= )‪~ r‬‬
‫~(‪E‬‬
‫) ‪· (~r − ~r0‬‬
‫‪|~r − ~r0 |3‬‬
‫̂‪~r = z z‬‬
‫)‪~r0 = rr̂ = r(cos ϕ, sin ϕ, 0‬‬
‫‪dq = σ(ϕ)rdrdϕ = σ0 cos2 ϕrdrdϕ‬‬
‫‪kσ0 cos2 ϕrdrdϕ‬‬
‫)̂‪· (z ẑ − rr‬‬
‫‪(r2 + z 2 )3/2‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫= )‪~ z‬‬
‫~(‪E‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫נחשב את האינטגרל על הזויות‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫‪cos2 ϕdϕ = π‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪cos3 ϕdϕ = 0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪cos2 ϕ sin ϕdϕ = 0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫קיבלנו כי התרומה תיהיה רק בכיוון ‪z‬‬
‫‪rdr‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫)‪· (z‬‬
‫‪(r2 + z 2 )3/2‬‬
‫החלפת משתנים‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫‪~ z ) = πkσ0 z‬‬
‫~(‪E‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬
‫‬
‫‪R/z‬‬
‫‪xdx‬‬
‫‪ˆ = πkσ0 sign(z) − √ 1‬‬
‫·‬
‫(‬
‫)‪z‬‬
‫̂‪z‬‬
‫‪(1 + x2 )3/2‬‬
‫‪1 + x2 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪R/z‬‬
‫ˆ‬
‫)‪~ z ) = πkσ0 sign(z‬‬
‫~(‪E‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪#‬‬
‫"‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪~ z ) = πkσ0 sign(z) 1 − p‬‬
‫~(‪E‬‬
‫̂‪z‬‬
‫‪1 + R2 /z 2‬‬
‫סעיף ‪2‬‬
‫ניקח את ‪ z R‬ונשתמש בפיתוח טיילור‬
‫)‪πkσ0 R2 sign(z‬‬
‫̂‪z‬‬
‫‪2z 2‬‬
‫‪#‬‬
‫≈ ̂‪z‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1 + R2 /z 2‬‬
‫‪≈1−‬‬
‫‪√1‬‬
‫‪1+x‬‬
‫"‬
‫~‬
‫‪E(~z) = πkσ0 sign(z) 1 − p‬‬
‫קיבלנו תלות לפי המרחק מציר ‪ z‬בריבוע הדומה למטען נקודתי וכך באינסוף הדיסקה‬
‫הינה נקודתית‬
‫‪2‬‬
:`ed aeyigd .orhnd lr divxbhpi` ici lr dcy aygl epilr
Z
E=
0
L
~ = E î
E
kdq
kλ1 dx
dE = 2 =
r
(P − x)2
L
kλ1 dx
kλ1
kλ1 kλ1
−
=
=
2
(P − x)
P −x 0
P −L
P
jxhvp ,ipyd hend lr lrety gekd z` aygl zpn lr ,
P
mewina dcyd z` mircei epgp`yk eiykr
:divxbhpi` zeyrl
F~ = F î
~
F~ = Eq
kλ1
kλ1
−
λ2 dx
dF = Edq =
x−L
L
Z
3L
F =
2L
kλ1
kλ1
−
x−L
x
λ2 dx = kλ1 λ2 (ln(x − L) − ln(x))3L
2L
F = kλ1 λ2 ln
1
2L · 2L
4
= kλ1 λ2 ln
3L · L
3