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The following types of muscle tissue and nervous tissue are covered in this activity: 1. Skeletal muscle (muscles attached to the skeleton) 2. Smooth muscle (muscles lining hollow organs) 3. Cardiac muscle (heart) 4. Nervous tissue (nervous system) Various membranes are also covered: 1. Cutaneous membranes 2. Mucous membranes 3. Serous membranes (parietal and visceral layers) a. Peritoneum – abdominal organs b. Pericardium – heart c. Pleura – lungs Figure 4.10a Muscle tissues. (a) Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Striations Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Nuclei Part of muscle fiber (cell) Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x). Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large cells are multinucleate. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10b Muscle tissues. (b) Cardiac muscle Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Striations Intercalated discs Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: The walls of the heart. Nucleus Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the intercalated discs. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10c Muscle tissues. (c) Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Smooth muscle cell Nuclei Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 Nervous tissue. Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells (not illustrated). Neuron processes Axon Nuclei of supporting cells Cell body Dendrites Cell body of a neuron Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. Neuron processes Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11 Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane Mucosa of nasal cavity (skin Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining (a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface. Mucosa of lung bronchi (b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior. Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium (c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11a Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane (skin) (a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11b Classes of membranes. Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi (b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11c Classes of membranes. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Parietal Visceral pericardium pericardium (c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What kind of tissue does this represent? Skeletal muscle Where in the body can you find this tissue? muscles attached to the skeleton What kind of tissue does this represent? Smooth muscle Where in the body can you find this tissue? muscles lining hollow organs What kind of tissue does this represent? Cardiac muscle Where in the body can you find this tissue? heart What kind of tissue does this represent? Nervous tissue Where in the body can you find this tissue? nervous system Figure 4.11a Classes of membranes. Cutaneous membrane (skin) Membrane covers the body surface Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11b Classes of membranes. Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi Membranes line body cavities open to the exterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11c Classes of membranes. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Parietal Visceral pericardium pericardium Membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.