Download Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China Sea

Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China Sea
Nagasaki University Major Research Project
Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia
Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of
the East China Sea
Nagasaki University Major Research Project
Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia
Edited by
Atsushi Ishimatsu
Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Japan
and
Heung-Jae Lie
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Korea
Nagasaki University
TERRAPUB, Tokyo
Coastal Environmental and Ecosystem Issues of the East China Sea
Nagasaki University Major Research Project
Restoration of Marine Environment and Resources in East Asia
Edited by
Atsushi Ishimatsu and Heung-Jae Lie
ISBN 978-4-88704-151-6
Published by TERRAPUB, 5-27-19-2003 Okusawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0083, Japan.
Tel: +81-3-3718-7500 Fax: +81-3-3718-4406
URL http://www.terrapub.co.jp
© TERRAPUB and Nagasaki University, 2010
All rights reserved.
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo-copying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owners.
Printed in Japan
Cover design: by Katsuhiro Tsugita
Cover illustration: with respect to
Rigobert Bonne. Carte de l’Empire de la Chine et du Rayaume de Coree: avec les isles du Japon. Paris,
1786. (courtesy by Osaka University Library);
Thomas Albert Glover. Glover Atlas: Fishes of Southern and Western Japan. (courtesy by Nagasaki
University Library).
Photographed by Y. Takao
Dense laver (Nori) culture
around the tidal flat of the
inner part of Ariake Bay
Coclodinium polykrikoides,
a fish-killer dinoflagellate
species in West Japan and
south coast of Korea (scale
20 µm), collected from redtide in Busan, Korea (August
2000)
Red-tide in Ariake Bay,
Japan (August 2002), main
causative organisms were
Akashiwo sanguinea
(Dinophyceae) and
Chattonella antiqua
(Raphyophyceae) (inset,
scale 20 µm)
Photographed by K. Matsuoka
The brown algae Ecklonia kurome at
Nomozaki, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
in autumn. Bite marks on the algae
suggest feeding damage by herbivorous
fishes.
Kyphosus species, one of the major
herbivorous fishes, accompanying
driftage.
The longheaded eagle ray Aetobatus flagellum feeds mainly on bivalves, possibly responsible for the
current reductions of bivalve population in the Ariake Bay. The increasing abundance of the species
in the Bay may have resulted from rising seawater temperature.
Photographed by A. Yamaguchi
Larval morphology of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, incubated in air-equilibrated (control)
or in CO 2-enriched seawater (see Ishimatsu and Dissanayake, this book). Reprinted from Aquatic
Biology, 4, Kurihara et al., Effects of elevated pCO 2 on the early development of the mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis, 225–233, 2008, Fig. 5, with permission from Inter-Research.
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................ xiii
I. Environmental Issues
I-1. Ariake
A newly emerging environmental issue: Development of hypoxia in the
bottom water of Ariake Bay
H. Nakata, H. Mishina, T. Takahashi and K. Hirano .................................. 1
Study on the characteristics of surface layer’s currents around the mouth of
Isahaya Bay
A. Tada, T. Nakamura, S. Sakai, M. Mizunuma and K. Takenouchi ....... 13
Seasonal variation of the material transport processes in the Ariake Sea
A. Manda, H. Kanehara, T. Aoshima, T. Kinoshita, J. Uchida, H. Nakata and
T. Yanagi ....................................................................................................... 29
Numerical experiment on the fortnight variation of the residual current in the
Ariake Sea
A. Manda, A. Yamaguchi and H. Nakata ................................................... 41
I-2. Saemangrum
Enhanced movements of sands off the Saemangeum Dyke by an interplay of
dyke construction and winter monsoon
H.J. Lee .......................................................................................................... 49
Distribution of heavy metals in the environmental samples of the Saemangeum
coastal area, Korea
K.T. Kim, E.S. Kim, S.R. Cho, J.K. Park, K.T. Ra and J.M. Lee ............ 71
I-3. Ariake and Saemangeum
A tale of two coasts; Tidal modification in Saemangeum and Isahaya
S. Lee, H.-J. Lie, K. Song and C.-H. Cho .................................................. 91
ix
x
Contents
II. Ecosystem Issues
II-1. HAB
Environmental changes in the inner part of Ariake Sound, West Japan
recorded in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages
K. Matsuoka and H.H. Shin ....................................................................... 111
An overview on the occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and
mitigation strategies in Korean coastal waters
H.G. Kim ...................................................................................................... 121
Environmental settings and harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent to
the Changjiang River estuary
M. Zhou ........................................................................................................ 133
II-2. Biodiversity and behavior
Monitoring bacterial biodiversity in surface sediment using terminal
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP): Application
to coastal environment
V. Thiyagarajan, S.C.K.Lau, M. M. Y. Tsoi, W. Zhang and P.Y. Qian
...................................................................................................................... 151
Estimation of abundance and diversity of bacteria associating with burrow
lining of Capitella sp. I in seawater soft-agar microcosm
M. Wada, Z. Dan, H.-K. Do, H. Nomura, T. Kunihiro, M. Nishimura, K. Kogure,
K. Ohwada and H. Tsutsumi ...................................................................... 165
Distribution of tintinnids (loricate ciliates) in East Asian waters in summer
J.-B. Lee and Y.-H. Kim ............................................................................ 173
Biology of herbivorous fish in the coastal areas of western Japan
A. Yamaguchi, K. Furumitsu, N. Yagishita and G. Kume ...................... 181
II-3. Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Relationship between concentration of chemical substances in estuarine
sediments and concentration of vitellogenin in mudskipper (Periophthalmus
modestus) and common goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) serum
Y. Takao, K. Kuwahara, M. Nagae and K. Soyano ................................. 191
Estrogenic activity in estuaries by measuring serum vitellogenin concentration
of Japanese male common goby in northwestern part of Kyushu
M. Nagae, Y. Takao, N. Ohkubo, T. Matsubara and K. Soyano ............ 205
Contaminations by endocrine disrupting chemicals in coastal waters of the
East China Sea
K. Soyano, J. Aoki, Y. Itashiki, C.-B. Park, M. Nagae, Y. Takao, Y.-D. Lee,
I.-K. Yeo and J. Zhong ............................................................................... 215
Contents
xi
II-4. Marine toxins & diseases
Toxins of pufferfish that cause human intoxications
O. Arakawa, D.-F. Hwang, S. Taniyama and T. Takatani ...................... 227
Possible factors responsible for the fish-killing mechanisms of the red tide
phytoplankton, Chattonella marina and Cochlodinium polykrikoides
D. Kim and T. Oda ...................................................................................... 245
Review on the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni (Lester and Davis 1981)
infection in Asian waters
K.-S. Choi and K.-I. Park ........................................................................... 269
II-5. Ocean acidification
Life threatened in acidic coastal waters
A. Ishimatsu and A. Dissanayake .............................................................. 283
Index ..................................................................................................................... 305
Preface
In the fiscal year 2006, Nagasaki University selected 10 research proposals and
designated them as “Nagasaki University Major Research Projects”, to materialize
the University’s 6-year initiative, and has provided intensive support to each project
until the end of FY 2009. The project entitled “Restoration of Marine Environment
and Resources in East Asia” is among one of the most important, together with
“Global Strategic Center for Radiation Health Risk Control” in radiation health
science and “Integrated Global Control Strategy for Tropical and Emerging Infectious
Diseases” in tropical disease science. Our project aims to elaborate the scientific basis
for the restoration of the environment and resources in East Asia, in particular the East
China Sea (ECS) region, by implementing collaborative research with universities
and institutions in Korea and China.
This book is a summary of our scientific endeavors during the last 5 years. The
main framework behind our research activity includes the “Joint Symposium on Tidal
Flat Issues—Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute” and the “International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Science
in the East China Sea”, which was convened (in the following order, in turn) first at
Jeju National University in 1997, then at Nagasaki University, Shanghai Ocean
University, and the University of Ryukyus. These symposia and workshops have
significantly consolidated the ties between Japanese, Chinese, and Korean scientists
in the fields of chemical, environmental and physical oceanography, fisheries
science, and marine biology. In “The 7th International Workshop on Oceanography
and Fisheries Science in the East China Sea” held in Shanghai in December 2009, the
member universities agreed to invite National Taiwan Ocean University as the 5th
member university, thereby completing a ring of science encircling the ECS.
The ECS is ailing. Recently, Halpern et al. (2008) published a paper in
Science (319, 948–952) that vividly describes the spatial heterogeneity and distribution
of cumulative human impact on the world’s marine ecosystems, and ranks the ECS
as having one of the most evident footprints of human activity. Nonetheless, the ECS
remains among the most important fishing grounds for the surrounding countries, and
the livelihood of millions of people that rely on it for a sustainable source of marine
production. Besides food supply, equally important are the ecological services that
the ECS offers. For example, such services include the regulation of the local climate,
replenishment of atmospheric oxygen, mitigation of global warming by absorbing
atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the cycling of nutrients. Thus, the ECS is and will
remain to be an invaluable body of water for our society in spite of perceptible
degradation in its recent state.
The book was conceived with a view to synthesize knowledge from ECS
adjacent countries (Japan, China and Korea), with the hope that it will contribute to
xiii
xiv
Preface
reversing the worrisome trends that are becoming apparent. There are two parts: The
first part contains 7 papers, which compare alterations to the environment after the
completion of land reclamation projects in two tidal flats, Ariake Bay in Japan and
Saemangeum Bay in Korea. The first 4 papers on Ariake Bay discuss the impacts of
bottom water hypoxia (H. Nakata et al.), dynamics of the surface currents determined
by DBF, ADCP, and floating buoys (A. Tada et al.) and numerical model analysis of
residual currents and salt fluxes (two papers by A. Manda et al.). Two papers on
Saemangeum examine the interactive influences of dyke construction and winter
monsoon on sand movement (H. J. Lee) and heavy metal levels of the surface water
and sediment (K. T. Kim et al.). Finally, S. Lee et al. examine and compare how dyke
construction in Saemangeum and Isahaya (in Ariake Bay) affects the tides. The
second part contains 14 papers. Of them, the first 3 papers review issues related to
harmful algal blooms (HABs), such as the historical environmental changes in Ariake
Bay deduced from dinoflagellate cysts (K. Matsuoka and H. H. Shin), the occurrence
of HABs and the strategies against them in Korea (H. G. Kim), and the records of HAB
outbreaks and environmental conditions near the Changjian River estuary (M. Zhou).
There is a section on biodiversity and behavior, including monitoring bacterial
diversity using T-RFLP (V. Thiyagarajan et al.), bacterial abundance and diversity in
the lining of Capitella burrows (M. Wada et al.), the distribution of tintinnids in the
ECS and adjacent waters (J. B. Lee and Y. H. Kim), and the biology of herbivorous
fish (A. Yamaguchi et al.). The subsequent 3 papers concern endocrine disrupting
chemicals (EDCs) and their biological impacts; the relationship between environmental
levels and vitellogenin contents of goby fishes (Y. Takao et al.), estrogenic activity
in estuaries (M. Nagae et al.), and a comparison of EDC levels in Japanese, Korean,
and Chinese waters to discuss their biological implications (K. Soyano et al.). A
section on toxins and diseases addresses human intoxication by pufferfish
(O. Arakawa et al.), fish kill mechanisms of red-tide phytoplankton species (D. Kim
et al.), and Perkinsus infection in marine shellfish (K. S. Choi et al.). Finally, a paper
reviews recent developments in ocean acidification research (A. Ishimatsu and
A. Dissanayake).
The contents of these 21 papers represent where we stand after 5 years of
intensive collaborative research in the field. It is our hope that the knowledge
compiled in this book will encourage further investigations beyond international
borders, and help overcome the occasional impediments that hinder international
scientific research, caused by conflicting national interests.
February 5, 2010
Editors,
Atsushi Ishimatsu
Institute for East China Sea Research,
Nagasaki University
and
Heung-Jae Lie
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute
1.
The 6th International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Science
in the East China Sea
“The 6th International Workshop on Oceanography and Fisheries Science in the East
China Sea” was held on November 3rd and 4th , 2007 in the main campus of Nagasaki
University. This Workshop has been held every second year (since 1997) in Jeju
National University, Nagasaki University, Shanghai Ocean University and the
University of Ryukyus. Over 100 participants from these four universities and other
institutions discussed current hot issues of oceanography and fisheries of the East
China Sea and adjacent waters. More than 30 oral and 30 poster presentations were
given by Japanese, Chinese and Korean scientists and graduate students.
䉳 Prof. Lee Joon-Baek (Jeju
National University) giving
a keynote lecture
䉱 A special session for graduate students
䉱 Snap shot of the poster session
䉲 Snap shot of excursion
2.
The 2008 Joint Symposium on Tidal Flat Issues
—Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute
“The 2008 Joint Symposium on Tidal Flat Issues—Nagasaki University and Korea
Ocean Research & Development Institute” was held on November 27th and 28th,
2008 in the Sakamoto campus of Nagasaki University. This Joint Symposium has
been held in Nagasaki University and Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (KORDI) since 2005. Over 50 participants from these research institutions,
Saga University (Japan), Inha University (Korea), Pusan National University (Korea)
and the University of Hong Kong exchanged information on the current environmental
conditions of Ariake Sea and Saemangeum, where negative impacts of reclamation
has been of social concern, and discussed potential restoration measures.
䉳 Prof. Kazumi Matsuoka
(Nagasaki University)
giving opening remarks
䉳Dr. Lie Heung-Jae
(KORDI) giving opening remarks
Prof. Hideaki Nakata 䉴
(Nagasaki University)
giving a talk
Prof. Atsushi Ishimatsu 䉴
(Nagasaki University)
and Prof. Chang S. Kim
(KORDI)
Snap shot of the poster 䉴
session
3.
The 2008 International Exchange Seminar on the Environment and
Resources of the East China Sea
“The 2008 International Exchange Seminar on the Environment and Resources of
the East China Sea” was held on August 20th to 29th, 2008 in the main campus of
Nagasaki University and other facilities including the TS Nagasaki-maru, supported
by Japan Student Services Organization. Approximately 30 graduate students of
Nagasaki University and 10 from Jeju National University participated in this
seminar. The main purpose of this seminar was to encourage graduate students to
exchange ideas and thoughts on environmental and resources issues of the East
China Sea in English. The 10-day vigorous interaction created a strong tie and
friendship between students of the two universities.
䉳 Prof. Kwang-Sik
Choi giving opening
remarks
On-site training 䉴
onboard TS
Nagasaki-maru
䉳Honorary visit to
President Hiroshi Saito,
Nagasaki University
䉳 Snap shot of the general
discussion
䉳 Snap shot of seafood
cooking