Download Judaism The religious beliefs and practices and the way of life...

Judaism
The religious beliefs and practices and the way of life of the Jews.
•Originally called Hebrews
•Abraham is considered the “Father of the Hebrews.”
•Jews written laws: First five books of Hebrew scripture are called The Torah: Unlike
the laws of the Greeks & Romans, the Jewish laws focused more on morality & ethics. Genesis,
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy (first 5 books of modern day Bible) –
Written by Moses
•Jewish religion was/is monotheistic – Belief in only one God. All other religions
before this were polytheistic – Belief in many Gods.
•Significance to Democracy: Jews believed that each human being was created in the
image of God, therefore, each human being has a unique, individuality. Greeks &
Romans believed this not because of God, but rather because of man’s ability to reason.
•The Jews also believed that God had given man moral freedom, or the capacity to
choose between good & evil, meaning that each person was responsible for his or her
choices.
•The Jews believed that it is the responsibility of every person to oppose injustice &
oppression & that the community should help the unfortunate.
The 10 Commandments The code included rules of social & religious
behavior to which even rulers were subject. While the Hebrew code of
justice was strict, it was softened by expressions of God’s mercy.
Moses: A closer look:
•Moses was revered as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
•Moses’ wife was Zipporah, daughter of Hobab (Jethro), Priest of
Midian. There has been much debate over the skin color of Zipporah.
•Moses is considered by many to be the greatest figure in Jewish
history.
•He was a diplomat, a lawmaker, a political organizer, a military
leader, a judge and a religious leader.
•Moses also had a speech impediment (many believed that he
stuttered, other believed that he would just get overly nervous)
•Moses presented the Ten Commandments to the Jewish people.
•According to biblical scripture, Moses witnessed God incarnate (he
saw the backside of God).
Christianity
The word Christianity was derived from the name Christ.
Yahshua (Jesus in English) was his name. Christ was his
title. Christos is a Greek word meaning Savior or Messiah.
Christianity’s Significance to Democracy:
Jesus stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their
neighbors, their enemies and themselves.
Ultimately Jesus was persecuted because he was referred to as “The
King of The Jews.” He was considered as a political threat to the
Roman Empire.
After the death of Jesus, his message was preached all throughout
the eastern Mediterranean by Saul Of Tarsus (Paul). He stressed the
essential equality of all human beings, which is a belief that is
central to democracy.
Although Christianity was a threat to the Roman Empire, by 380
A.D. it became the official religion of Rome. Eventually, it took
root in Europe, The Near East and Northern Africa.
Islam - Another monotheistic religion that taught
equality of all persons & individual worth which
developed in southwest Asia in the early 600’s.
Islam was based on the teachings of the prophet
Muhammad, which are found in the book called
the Qur’an.
He emphasized the dignity of all human beings & the brotherhood of
all people. A belief in the bond of community & the unity of all people
led to a tolerance of different groups within the community.
Followers of Islam are called Muslims & they are required by their
religion to offer charity & help those in need.
The Legacy of Monotheistic Religions
Several ideas crucial to the shaping of a democratic outlook
emerged from the early monotheistic religions of southwest
Asia.
•The duty of the individual & the community to combat oppression
•The worth of the individual
•The equality of people before God
Renaissance & Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church
During
the Middle Ages it was the Most Dominant
institution in Western Europe
Leader
– Pope
–His Bishops – Parish Priests
It influenced all aspects of life: Religious, Social &
Political. It was strongly authoritarian in structure.
Renaissance
"Renaissance," French for "rebirth,"
describes the intellectual and
economic changes that occurred in
Europe from the 14th through the
16th centuries.
During the era known by this name,
Europe emerged from the economic
stagnation of the Middle Ages and
experienced a time of financial
growth. Also, and perhaps most
importantly, the Renaissance was an
age in which artistic, social,
scientific, and political thought
turned in new directions.
When Gutenberg of Germany invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed
the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. Previously,
bookmaking entailed copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying
had been done onto parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean,
smooth, and thin. The labor that went into creating them made each book very
expensive. Because Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with relatively
little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy
reading material.
Humanism Emerges - Books also helped to spread awareness of a new philosophy
that emerged when Renaissance scholars known as humanists returned to the works of
ancient writers. Previously, during the Middle Ages, scholars had been guided by the
teachings of the church, and people had concerned themselves with actions leading to
heavenly rewards. The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called the
"classics," had been greatly ignored. To study the classics, humanists learned to read
Greek and ancient Latin, and they sought out manuscripts that had lain undisturbed for
nearly 2,000 years.
The humanists rediscovered writings on scientific matters, government, rhetoric,
philosophy, and art. They were influenced by the knowledge of these ancient
civilizations and by the emphasis placed on man, his intellect, and his life on Earth.
THE REFORMATION AGE (1500-1600 AD)
Martin Luther, one of a few men who significantly altered the course of world
history, was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483. Throughout his
early life Luther had been burdened by a heavy sense of sinfulness. He became
more and more convinced that the works of Roman Catholicism were not the
means
of salvation.
Finally,
focusing
on Paul's
"The just shall
live by
On October
31, 1517
Luther
nailed
his statement,
famous Ninety-five
Theses,
faith," Luther came to a climax in his convictions. Men were saved by the grace of
(95 points of criticism of the church’s practices) to the Castle Church
God manifested in the forgiveness of their sins and the imputation of Christ's
door
in Wittenberg.
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spark which
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powder
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God's
However,
this faith,the
Luther
asserted,
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the gift of God.
the Protestant
Reformation.
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October
1517 Luther
nailed the
his famous
Ninety-five
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Those
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called
criticism of the church’s practices) to the Castle Church door in Wittenberg. This
Protestants,
because they protested against the power & abuses of
was the customary manner of calling for a debate, but this act was the spark which
the
church.
It waskeg
significant
to democracy
because it encouraged
exploded
the powder
of the Protestant
Reformation.
people to make their own religious judgments, or read & interpret
Those who wanted to reform the Catholic Church were called Protestants, because
the
foragainst
themselves,
which
in turn
caused
churches
to to
be
they Bible
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established.
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it exposed
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democracy because
it encouraged
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Bible forideas.
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to read
more& than
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religious
be established. It also introduced people to reading & it exposed them to more
than just religious ideas.
Martin Luther