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BIOLOGY 406 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY, SPRING 2007
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 1)
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.⎯For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each)
1. Which of the following does NOT form
as a bud off of the endodermal digestive
tract?
a. allantois/urinary bladder
b. liver
c. lungs
d. pancreas
e. salivary glands
f. thyroid
2. Which of the following is derived from
ectoderm?
a. digestive tract lining
b. kidneys
c. limb muscles
d. melanocytes (pigment cells)
e. None of the above.
3. Which of the following is derived from
mesoderm?
a. dermis of skin
b. ganglionic nerves
c. melanocytes (pigment cells)
d. rectum or cloaca lining
e. None of the above
4. Which of the following is derived from
endoderm?
a. epidermis
b. kidneys
c. melanocytes (pigment cells)
d. oral cavity lining
e. None of the above
5. Which of the following developmental
tissues will eventually form the brain?
a. sclerotome
b. neural crest
c. neural tube
d. neurogenic placodes
e. None of the above
6. What is the value for understanding
comparative anatomy of exploring human
anatomical variation as described in the
book Mutants and discussed in class?
a. Because it demonstrates the singular
uniqueness of human anatomy.
b. Because it demonstrates the
problems that occur due to
hybridization..
c. Because they show the range of
human anatomical variation that can
mirror variation among vertebrates.
d. Because they’re usually fatal or
dysfunctional.
7. The muscular portion of the human
diaphragm is derived from which of the
following embryonic structures?
a. allantois
b. coelomic fold
c. pulmonary folds
d. transverse septum
e. yolk sac
8. Which of the following vertebrate classes
includes the most species?
a. Actinopterygii
b. Chondrichthys
c. Lissamphibia
d. Mammalia
e. Reptilia
9. Which of the following vertebrates is
most closely related to you (a human)?
a. Amia calva (a bowfin)
b. a bass (a teleost)
c. a gar
d. a lungfish
e. a shark
10. Which of the following is ABSENT in a
monotreme?
a. amnion
b. hair
c. mammary glands
d. nipples
e. vertebrae
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/LABEL.⎯For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words
in the available space. (10%)
Use the diagram below to fill in the
indicated structures to the right.
1. Label developmental cross section of a
vertebrate embryo at left with the
following. (10%)
dematome
sclerotome
myotome
chordamesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
dorsal mesentery
splanchnic mesoderm
gut
somatic mesoderm
endoderm
coelom
DEFINITIONS.⎯For the following words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as possible.
(20%, 4% each)
1. Allantois (also indicate the types of developmental tissues that compose it):
2. Amnion (also indicate the types of developmental tissues that compose it):
3. Mesothelium:
4. Monophyletic Group:
5. Stomodeum:
BIOLOGY 406 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY, SPRING 2007
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 2)
Date
Name
SHORT ANSWER.⎯Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. Do NOT exceed
the space provided.
1. Use the following data matrix to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the organisms
included below. Be certain to show the synapomorphic characteristics on the tree. Identify any
homoplastic characteristics. (12%)
capuchin
monkey
spider
monkey
langur
monkey
gorilla
human
lemur outgroup
1
1
2
1
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
1-0 – long snout, 1-1 – short snout
1
1
0
0
0
0
2-0 – non-prehensile tail; 2-1 – prehensile tail
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
3-0 – nostrils widely separated; 2-1 – nostrils close to
each other
4-0 – long tail; 4-1 – short (internal) tail
5-0 – 3 premolar teeth; 5-1 – 2 premolar teeth
6-0 – 1 stomach chamber; 6-1 – 3 stomach chambers
2. In the space below generally sketch and label the major anatomical structures of a lancelet?
Indicate the chordate synapomorphies with an asterisk. Then in a sentence (or as two bulleted
points) indicate two ways in which a lamprey ammocoete larva is differs from a lancelet. (10%)
3. Describe the early development of a typical chordate from the single cell stage up to and including
the formation of the central nervous system. Be certain to a. name each stage of development, b.
define or illustrate what characterizes that stage, and c. explain what occurs between each stage. (Feel
free, but do not feel obliged, to use a table and/or labeled sketches for your answer.) (10%)
4. Compare and contrast the digestive tracts of a human, a bird, and a shark. Be certain to identify any
specializations or distinguishing characteristics of each. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a table or clearly
labeled sketches for your answer.) (18%)