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Download Environmental Effects of Marine Aquaculture
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Environmental Effects of Marine Aquaculture Escapes/biological pollution Pollution Habitat and site-specific issues Issues associated with the culture of carnivores Escapes/biological pollution Introduction of non-native species Genetic effects on native species from: Competition for food and habitat Predation on native species Native genotypes with selection of traits beneficial for culture Non-native genotypes (e.g. European strains of Atlantic salmon) capable of breeding/hybridization Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Disease and parasites Transmission from cages/pens to the wild Transmission via escapes Discussion Questions Do we care about genetic effects on wild populations, on ecosystems, or both? Is it possible to generalize about the risks of culturing exotic vs. native species or do we have to evaluate each case? Is it better to get broodstock from wild populations or accelerate creation of “domesticated” varieties? Is there a level of escape/introduction that is acceptable? How does culture of fully marine species, which can potentially release viable gametes from net pens, change the equation? Can disease and parasites be adequately contained when using open systems? Pollution Nutrients Wastes (organic pollution) Nitrogen Phosphorus Feces Uneaten food Dead animals Therapeutic drugs and chemicals Pesticides Antibiotics Anti-fouling coatings Others? Discussion Questions What is important—scale, intensity of culture, density of farms, oceanography (currents, tide, depth, etc.)? How significant a threat is pollution to marine wildlife and ecosystems at current and expected levels of production? Are therapeutic drugs and chemicals a significant concern? Does concern about transmitting disease or parasites to the wild outweigh the risks of harm from therapeutic agents? Should pollution costs be internalized? If so, how? Habitat and Site-specific Issues Predator control Displacement or disruption of native species Effects on protected species Ecosystem effects Effects on migratory routes Displacement or degradation of habitat Benthic habitat modification Short vs. long-term effects Local vs. ecosystem effects A function of duration and intensity of culture? Discussion Questions What types of ecosystem effects could be avoided through zoning/siting? What are the potential ecosystem effects of predator control? Do farms provide habitat for marine wildlife? Do/could shellfish farms have a significant effect on nutrient/plankton dynamics?