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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161
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Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Farming Systems Management (FSM) by Application of Bio-Fertilizersand
FarmyardManure in Maize (Zea mays L.) Production
Behzad Sani
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 26 September 2014
Received in revised form
20 November 2014
Accepted 25 December 2014
Available online 20 January 2015
Keywords:
FSM, Bio-Fertilizers, Farmyard
Manure,Maize.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers
alone or in combination with farmyard manure on grain yield and yield components of
maize (Zea mays L.). An experiment was conducted to randomized complete block
design (RCBD) with four replications in the Research Farm of Shahr-e-Qods Branch,
Islamic Azad University. Fertilizer's treatments were used including:Azospirillum,
Azotobacter and farmyard manure.The characters were measured consist of: seed
row/ear, seed yield, 1000 GW, Harvest Index, seed/ear, seed/row ear.The results
showed that the effect of frtilizer's treatments was significant onall of the treatmentsin P
≤ 0.05.Mean comparison showed that the highestseed row/ear (17.10), seed yield
(12995.3 kg/ha), 1000 GW(244.06 g), Harvest Index(23.61 %)and seed/ear(458.83)
were achieved by Azospirillum treatment.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Behzad Sani, Farming Systems Management (FSM) By Application of Bio-Fertilizersand FarmyardManure in Maize
(Zea mays L.) Production. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(24), 156-161, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown in Iran. Maize or corn (Zea mays L) is an annual
grass belongs to the family Gramineae. The probable center of origin is the Central American and Mexico
region.
Maize has a wide range of plasticity to the environmental conditions. It is grown from latitude 58 N to 40 S
on a range of 400 – 900 mm rain and temperature of 20- 300C [13].
Maize is an important cereal food crop, and it ranks in the third position after wheat and rice in the world
production of cereals [1].
The largest production countries in the world are USA, China, France, India, Canada, Argentina, Spain,
Romania and Yugoslavia. In the Sudan, Maize grown in small scales under rainfed conditions in Kordofan,
Darfour, and Southern states, under irrigation in Northern States and under flood irrigation in Kassala State [2].
Animal manure contains all the essential micro and macro elements required for plant growth. Land
application of animal manure increases soil organic matter and improves a number of soil properties including
soil tilts, water-holding capacity, oxygen content, and soil fertility. It also reduces soil erosion, restores eroded
croplands, and improves solar heat absorption; increases water infiltration rates, reduces nutrient leaching, and
increases crop yields. In general, results of research indicate that manure is a valuable bio-resource that should
be utilized [6].
Using manure as a source of nitrogen fertilizer requires an understanding of the underlying chemical
processes. Organic nitrogen and organic sulfur in the manure must mineralize before they are available to plants.
Of all the plant nutrients, crop requirements for nitrogen are the highest. Thus, the main concern with the use of
manure as fertilizer is nitrogen content.
Manure added at rates sufficient to supply all or substantial parts of the nitrogen needs of crops will also
supply quantities of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and secondary and minor elements at levels more than
adequate for most soil/crop/climate conditions [15].
The mineralization of organic sulfur was similarly measured by Chase and Tabatabai [7].
Bio-fertilizer utilization becomes urgent to substitute or mix it up to a single chemical fertilizer application.
Corresponding Author: Behzad Sani, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]
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Behzad Sani, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161
Single uses of chemical fertilization continuously caused to several negative impacts of the soil and water
environment pollution and weaken the sustainable agriculture structure. Moreover, bio-fertilizer was
recommended to use as due to growth prompting microorganism produce plant nutrient and replaced the
chemical fertilizers function [24].
The bacteria are helpful to plant growth support including Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and
Rhizobium. Organic substance in soil would be mineralized by microbes through enzymatic processes turn into
plant nutritive value as well as plant growth factor [25,3].
Corn is one of the oldest agriculture plants which human has realized its traits and importance and used it
[22].
This agriculture plant has food value for consumption of human, animals and birds as well as industrial
consumption. Corn is regarded as primary material of many industries in the way that they are produced over
500 industrial products [23].
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers alone or in
combination with farmyard manure on grain yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material and experimentalconditions:
This experiment was conducted to Research Farm of Shahr-e-QodsBranch, Islamic Azad University to
achieve sustainable agriculture goals. Maize cultivar KSC447 was used in this experiment.An experiment was
conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the Research Farm of Shahre-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University.
Fertilizer's treatments were used including Azospirillum, Azotobacter and farmyard fertilizer. Every
treatments includes 6 rows in length of 5 meter, distance between plant lines is 75 centimeter and distance of
seeds are 16 centimeter over rows of 16 centimeter and sampling of two rows were done.After determining used
soil specifications (Table 1), mentioned experimental part was ploughed deeply in fall and it was ploughed with
middle depth in spring and then vertical disk was performed twice and after leveling plant lines with distance of
75 centimeter in earth by Furrower. Two blank lines were considered between two treatments for lack of mixing
irrigation water of treatments with each other and for lack of water mixing of every repetition with next
repetition, two streams should be considered that one of them is high importance In order to evacuate extra
water and the other one is prepared to next repetition. For entering water from stream next to land, Plant yield is
done by workers.
Farm materials:
In this research enough bacteria is related to using Arabic resin or sugar water mixture with seeds are
mixed. Bacteria level is considered 300g bacteria for one hector seeding and then immediately every treatment’s
seeds were mixed separately in separate bowl with specific number of that treatment with bacteria. Seeds are
planted over embankment with density and covered over them with soil. Organic manure is given to mentioned
treatments when preparing plant bed.
Plant yield is done according to farm conditions and sampling is done once per 15 days from each plot in 3
middle lines and one meter which have 12 bushes that related adjectives of yield are measured including grain
number in ear, thousand grain weight, grain number in row and row number of grain after harvesting ears based
on 14% humidity. In all experiment periods, notes are surveyed in method of observation and measuring
obtained data from surveying plant adjectives in experimental farms and results were recorded in prepared forms
and are obtained through necessary data for analyzing experiments.
Statistical analysis of data:
The measurement data of the studied traits across all conditions were analyzed by the statistical methods
including descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), compare means and simple correlation
coefficients using Spss (Version 16) software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results showed that the effect of frtilizer's treatments was significant onall of the treatments in P ≤
0.05(Table 2).The highestseed row/ear (17.10), seed yield (12995.3 kg/ha), 1000 GW (244.06 g), Harvest Index
(23.61 %)and seed/ear (458.83) were achieved by Azospirillum treatment. Also, the results showed that the
lowestseed row/ear, seed yield, 1000 GW, Harvest Index and seed/ear were achieved by farmyard manure
treatment (Table 2, Fig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Effect of different types of Azotobacter bacteria on plant growth through ability to stabilizering molecule
nitrogen, regulator of material production of plant growth such as Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellinand their similar
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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161
combination and splattering these materials to root environment and surrounding environment of seed as well as
production of anti-fungal metabolic and dissolving soil phosphorous are known.Useful effects of inoculation
with Azotobacterchroococcum bacteria on yield of oil grains, corps and legume, vegetables and fruits and
different cash plants by many various researchers are surveyed and reported [5,21,12,5,8].
Zahir and Colleagues [26] reported that thousand grain weights increased at rate of 9.6% in effect of
inoculation of corn seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum.
Fulchieri [9] has reported that increasing opinions’ number of every ear is twice more than witness in effect
of inoculation with Azospirillum.
Soleimanzadeh and Ghooshchi [17] reported that a combination mycorrhiza and bacteria holds promise for
the organic cropping system of maize.
The green revolution brought impressive gains in food production but with insufficient concern for
sustainability. In organic agriculture, one management goal is to increase and maintain soil quality with a high
biological activity. Organic cropping system often has to deal with a scarcity of readily available nutrients in
contrast to high input cropping system which relies widely available on soluble fertilizers [17].
Generally, bio-fertilizers are regarded a set of preservative materials with many number of one or several
useful microorganism of terricolous or metabolic products to provide required food element of plant. So, its
production is of high importance, environmental problems accrued usage of chemical fertilizers, energy of
prices of production and consumption and on the one hand, they have misuse effects on bio-cycles and
sustainability of region of agriculture system [10].
On the other hand, problem of providing enough food with sustainable quality for increasing population of
word has made necessary revision create sustainable physical and chemical conditions of soil for growing and as
live inoculums for consumption in soil or along with seed [16].
Based on presented definitions, they are differentiated for bio-fertilizers and their being alive from organic
fertilizers which non-alive organic fertilizers accrued animals (organic manure) and plants [4]. Advantages
accrued usage of these fertilizers in region of systems that complexity and sustainability of their bio-society is in
the effect of abnormal usage of our input including fertilizers and chemical toxins with the aim of controlling
pests and maximizing yield and production is reducing dramatically through optimization and increasing
efficiency of food elements’ consumption of chemical and organic fertilizers, bio-controlling pests and illness
[18].
Azotobacter bacteria is known as initial embankment bacteria and includes increasing bacteria of nitrogen
bio-growth along with influenced production and yield of many farm plants and have specific farm and
ecology’s importance [20].
Therefore in organic and low input cropping systems, a combination of mycorrhiza and free-living bacteria
performed satisfactorily.
20
a
b
b
15
(Seed
10
Row/Ear)
5
0
Manure
Azotobacter
Azospirilluim
(Treatments)
Fig. 1: Effect of treatments on Seed Row/Ear.
Table 1: Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.
Sample
S.P
EC
PH
depth
0-30
39
1.7
8.14
O.C(%)
P mg.kg-1
K mg.kg-1
T.N(%)
Soil texture
0.51
6.8
242
6%
Loam
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Behzad Sani, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161
a
a
15000
b
10000
(kg/ha)
5000
0
Manure
Azotobacter
Azospirilluim
(Treatments)
Fig. 2.Effect of treatments on Seed Yield (kg/ha).
300
b
a
a
250
200
(g) 150
100
50
0
Manure
Azotobacter
Azospirilluim
(Treatments)
Fig. 3: Effect of treatments on 1000 GW (g).
30
25
b
a
a
20
(%) 15
10
5
0
Manure
Azotobacter
(Treatments)
Fig. 4: Effect of treatments on Harvest Index (%).
Azospirilluim
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Behzad Sani, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161
a
a
500
b
400
300
(Seed/Ear)
200
100
0
Manure
Azotobacter
Azospirilluim
(Treatments)
Fig. 5: Effect of treatments on Seed/Ear.
Table 2: Means Comparison.
Seed/Ear
Harvest Index (%)
400.36 b
20.60b
a
456.29
22.12 a
458.83 a
23.61 a
1000 GW (g)
231.07b
242.01a
244.06a
Seed Yield (kg/ha)
11512.4b
12726.6a
12995.3a
Seed Row/Ear
14.80b
15.72b
17.10a
Treatments
Manure
Azotobacter
Azospirilluim
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