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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161 AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066 Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/ Farming Systems Management (FSM) by Application of Bio-Fertilizersand FarmyardManure in Maize (Zea mays L.) Production Behzad Sani Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 26 September 2014 Received in revised form 20 November 2014 Accepted 25 December 2014 Available online 20 January 2015 Keywords: FSM, Bio-Fertilizers, Farmyard Manure,Maize. ABSTRACT The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers alone or in combination with farmyard manure on grain yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). An experiment was conducted to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the Research Farm of Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University. Fertilizer's treatments were used including:Azospirillum, Azotobacter and farmyard manure.The characters were measured consist of: seed row/ear, seed yield, 1000 GW, Harvest Index, seed/ear, seed/row ear.The results showed that the effect of frtilizer's treatments was significant onall of the treatmentsin P ≤ 0.05.Mean comparison showed that the highestseed row/ear (17.10), seed yield (12995.3 kg/ha), 1000 GW(244.06 g), Harvest Index(23.61 %)and seed/ear(458.83) were achieved by Azospirillum treatment. © 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Behzad Sani, Farming Systems Management (FSM) By Application of Bio-Fertilizersand FarmyardManure in Maize (Zea mays L.) Production. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(24), 156-161, 2014 INTRODUCTION Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown in Iran. Maize or corn (Zea mays L) is an annual grass belongs to the family Gramineae. The probable center of origin is the Central American and Mexico region. Maize has a wide range of plasticity to the environmental conditions. It is grown from latitude 58 N to 40 S on a range of 400 – 900 mm rain and temperature of 20- 300C [13]. Maize is an important cereal food crop, and it ranks in the third position after wheat and rice in the world production of cereals [1]. The largest production countries in the world are USA, China, France, India, Canada, Argentina, Spain, Romania and Yugoslavia. In the Sudan, Maize grown in small scales under rainfed conditions in Kordofan, Darfour, and Southern states, under irrigation in Northern States and under flood irrigation in Kassala State [2]. Animal manure contains all the essential micro and macro elements required for plant growth. Land application of animal manure increases soil organic matter and improves a number of soil properties including soil tilts, water-holding capacity, oxygen content, and soil fertility. It also reduces soil erosion, restores eroded croplands, and improves solar heat absorption; increases water infiltration rates, reduces nutrient leaching, and increases crop yields. In general, results of research indicate that manure is a valuable bio-resource that should be utilized [6]. Using manure as a source of nitrogen fertilizer requires an understanding of the underlying chemical processes. Organic nitrogen and organic sulfur in the manure must mineralize before they are available to plants. Of all the plant nutrients, crop requirements for nitrogen are the highest. Thus, the main concern with the use of manure as fertilizer is nitrogen content. Manure added at rates sufficient to supply all or substantial parts of the nitrogen needs of crops will also supply quantities of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and secondary and minor elements at levels more than adequate for most soil/crop/climate conditions [15]. The mineralization of organic sulfur was similarly measured by Chase and Tabatabai [7]. Bio-fertilizer utilization becomes urgent to substitute or mix it up to a single chemical fertilizer application. Corresponding Author: Behzad Sani, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] 157 Behzad Sani, 2014 Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161 Single uses of chemical fertilization continuously caused to several negative impacts of the soil and water environment pollution and weaken the sustainable agriculture structure. Moreover, bio-fertilizer was recommended to use as due to growth prompting microorganism produce plant nutrient and replaced the chemical fertilizers function [24]. The bacteria are helpful to plant growth support including Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium. Organic substance in soil would be mineralized by microbes through enzymatic processes turn into plant nutritive value as well as plant growth factor [25,3]. Corn is one of the oldest agriculture plants which human has realized its traits and importance and used it [22]. This agriculture plant has food value for consumption of human, animals and birds as well as industrial consumption. Corn is regarded as primary material of many industries in the way that they are produced over 500 industrial products [23]. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers alone or in combination with farmyard manure on grain yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material and experimentalconditions: This experiment was conducted to Research Farm of Shahr-e-QodsBranch, Islamic Azad University to achieve sustainable agriculture goals. Maize cultivar KSC447 was used in this experiment.An experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the Research Farm of Shahre-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University. Fertilizer's treatments were used including Azospirillum, Azotobacter and farmyard fertilizer. Every treatments includes 6 rows in length of 5 meter, distance between plant lines is 75 centimeter and distance of seeds are 16 centimeter over rows of 16 centimeter and sampling of two rows were done.After determining used soil specifications (Table 1), mentioned experimental part was ploughed deeply in fall and it was ploughed with middle depth in spring and then vertical disk was performed twice and after leveling plant lines with distance of 75 centimeter in earth by Furrower. Two blank lines were considered between two treatments for lack of mixing irrigation water of treatments with each other and for lack of water mixing of every repetition with next repetition, two streams should be considered that one of them is high importance In order to evacuate extra water and the other one is prepared to next repetition. For entering water from stream next to land, Plant yield is done by workers. Farm materials: In this research enough bacteria is related to using Arabic resin or sugar water mixture with seeds are mixed. Bacteria level is considered 300g bacteria for one hector seeding and then immediately every treatment’s seeds were mixed separately in separate bowl with specific number of that treatment with bacteria. Seeds are planted over embankment with density and covered over them with soil. Organic manure is given to mentioned treatments when preparing plant bed. Plant yield is done according to farm conditions and sampling is done once per 15 days from each plot in 3 middle lines and one meter which have 12 bushes that related adjectives of yield are measured including grain number in ear, thousand grain weight, grain number in row and row number of grain after harvesting ears based on 14% humidity. In all experiment periods, notes are surveyed in method of observation and measuring obtained data from surveying plant adjectives in experimental farms and results were recorded in prepared forms and are obtained through necessary data for analyzing experiments. Statistical analysis of data: The measurement data of the studied traits across all conditions were analyzed by the statistical methods including descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), compare means and simple correlation coefficients using Spss (Version 16) software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results showed that the effect of frtilizer's treatments was significant onall of the treatments in P ≤ 0.05(Table 2).The highestseed row/ear (17.10), seed yield (12995.3 kg/ha), 1000 GW (244.06 g), Harvest Index (23.61 %)and seed/ear (458.83) were achieved by Azospirillum treatment. Also, the results showed that the lowestseed row/ear, seed yield, 1000 GW, Harvest Index and seed/ear were achieved by farmyard manure treatment (Table 2, Fig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Effect of different types of Azotobacter bacteria on plant growth through ability to stabilizering molecule nitrogen, regulator of material production of plant growth such as Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellinand their similar 158 Behzad Sani, 2014 Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161 combination and splattering these materials to root environment and surrounding environment of seed as well as production of anti-fungal metabolic and dissolving soil phosphorous are known.Useful effects of inoculation with Azotobacterchroococcum bacteria on yield of oil grains, corps and legume, vegetables and fruits and different cash plants by many various researchers are surveyed and reported [5,21,12,5,8]. Zahir and Colleagues [26] reported that thousand grain weights increased at rate of 9.6% in effect of inoculation of corn seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Fulchieri [9] has reported that increasing opinions’ number of every ear is twice more than witness in effect of inoculation with Azospirillum. Soleimanzadeh and Ghooshchi [17] reported that a combination mycorrhiza and bacteria holds promise for the organic cropping system of maize. The green revolution brought impressive gains in food production but with insufficient concern for sustainability. In organic agriculture, one management goal is to increase and maintain soil quality with a high biological activity. Organic cropping system often has to deal with a scarcity of readily available nutrients in contrast to high input cropping system which relies widely available on soluble fertilizers [17]. Generally, bio-fertilizers are regarded a set of preservative materials with many number of one or several useful microorganism of terricolous or metabolic products to provide required food element of plant. So, its production is of high importance, environmental problems accrued usage of chemical fertilizers, energy of prices of production and consumption and on the one hand, they have misuse effects on bio-cycles and sustainability of region of agriculture system [10]. On the other hand, problem of providing enough food with sustainable quality for increasing population of word has made necessary revision create sustainable physical and chemical conditions of soil for growing and as live inoculums for consumption in soil or along with seed [16]. Based on presented definitions, they are differentiated for bio-fertilizers and their being alive from organic fertilizers which non-alive organic fertilizers accrued animals (organic manure) and plants [4]. Advantages accrued usage of these fertilizers in region of systems that complexity and sustainability of their bio-society is in the effect of abnormal usage of our input including fertilizers and chemical toxins with the aim of controlling pests and maximizing yield and production is reducing dramatically through optimization and increasing efficiency of food elements’ consumption of chemical and organic fertilizers, bio-controlling pests and illness [18]. Azotobacter bacteria is known as initial embankment bacteria and includes increasing bacteria of nitrogen bio-growth along with influenced production and yield of many farm plants and have specific farm and ecology’s importance [20]. Therefore in organic and low input cropping systems, a combination of mycorrhiza and free-living bacteria performed satisfactorily. 20 a b b 15 (Seed 10 Row/Ear) 5 0 Manure Azotobacter Azospirilluim (Treatments) Fig. 1: Effect of treatments on Seed Row/Ear. Table 1: Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Sample S.P EC PH depth 0-30 39 1.7 8.14 O.C(%) P mg.kg-1 K mg.kg-1 T.N(%) Soil texture 0.51 6.8 242 6% Loam 159 Behzad Sani, 2014 Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161 a a 15000 b 10000 (kg/ha) 5000 0 Manure Azotobacter Azospirilluim (Treatments) Fig. 2.Effect of treatments on Seed Yield (kg/ha). 300 b a a 250 200 (g) 150 100 50 0 Manure Azotobacter Azospirilluim (Treatments) Fig. 3: Effect of treatments on 1000 GW (g). 30 25 b a a 20 (%) 15 10 5 0 Manure Azotobacter (Treatments) Fig. 4: Effect of treatments on Harvest Index (%). Azospirilluim 160 Behzad Sani, 2014 Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(24) December 2014, Pages: 156-161 a a 500 b 400 300 (Seed/Ear) 200 100 0 Manure Azotobacter Azospirilluim (Treatments) Fig. 5: Effect of treatments on Seed/Ear. Table 2: Means Comparison. Seed/Ear Harvest Index (%) 400.36 b 20.60b a 456.29 22.12 a 458.83 a 23.61 a 1000 GW (g) 231.07b 242.01a 244.06a Seed Yield (kg/ha) 11512.4b 12726.6a 12995.3a Seed Row/Ear 14.80b 15.72b 17.10a Treatments Manure Azotobacter Azospirilluim REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Ahmed, M., YA. Attia, 1995. J. Non-cryst. Solids, 186: 402. Ali, FM., 1991. Maize agronomy.Annual report 1990/91, Agricultural Research Corporation, Gezira Research Station., Wad Medani, Sudan. Aram, AM., 2012. Effect of Bio-Fertilizer on physiology of growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) in Sulaimani region Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 40: 9-21. Banerjee, MR., L. Yesmin, K. Colleagues, 2006. Plant- growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizersandbiopesticides, pp: 137-181. Bertolini, M., MS. Mressan, CF. nidaro, AM. Ogher, 1999. Inoculation with Azospirillum application in maize. InformatoreAgrario, 46: 51-53. Cassman, KG., R. Steiner, AE. 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