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The Beginnings of the Cold War Post War America Migration to suburbs Federal Housing Authority and Veteran’s Administration encouraged this (loans made living in suburbs cheaper) Levitt Brothers – cheap housing plans “White Flight” Economic boom Baby boom Increased welfare state Focus on minority rights Faith in Government Standard of Living Doubled Immediate Effects of World War II Civilians Production Administration Republicans won control of Congress, 1942 election Taft Hartley Act, 1947 – outlawed closed shops, swear non-communist oath, 60 days notice to strike Operation Dixie – tried to unite textile, steel and service works; failed due to intended racial integration Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 1944 (GI Bill) Paid for school (college or trade) for 8 million GI’s Loans totaling $16 billion for homes, farms, businesses Sell off war surplus Employment Act, 1946 Government will promote full employment, production, and keep inflation in line – created Council of Economic Advisors Dealing with the President Presidential Secession Act, 1947 VP Speaker of the House President Pro-Tempore of Senate Secretary of State …rest of the cabinet 22nd Amendment, 1947 (Roosevelt Amendment) “Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.” Harry S Truman Took office when FDR died Wanted to give the people a “fair deal” Civil Rights Health Welfare Labor Education Housing Veterans Agriculture Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal The new League International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade, 1944 Create a World Bank United Nations, 1945 50 nations met in San Francisco Security Council: USA, USSR, Great Britain, France, China given veto powers Assemblies – all countries Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946 Nuremberg, Germany Series of military tribunals held by Allied forces to prosecute 23 prominent members of Nazi Germany for their war crimes 12 sentenced to hanging 1 committed suicide 1 most likely killed trying to flee Origins of Conflict: Mistrust Mutual Mistrust US opposed Russian Revolution – didn’t officially recognize Soviet Union for over 15 years WWI – separate Treaty with Germany Stalin is a tyrant Soviet Union excluded from Versailles Stalin pledged that Poland should have a representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania – became puppet governments Soviet Union promised to enter war with Japan – however, this happened after the A bomb – war on paper only Disagreements of the Big Three when bargaining WWII The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. “ – Winston Churchill The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] GOAL spread worldwide Communism METHODOLOGIES: US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] 1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] 2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars” 4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact] Truman said the US must help “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” The Truman Doctrine CONTAINMENT George Kennan Dominated American foreign policy for 40 years March 12, 1947 Truman’s speech to Congress Protect nations from subjugation of communist nations Pledge American support for fight against communism US gave Greece and Turkey $400 million The Marshall Plan sent $12.5 billion over four years to 16 cooperating nations to aid in recovery Mobilization at Home American military power kept at war-time levels Atomic Energy Commission (1946) created to oversee all nuclear research National Security Act (1947): Revamped entire defense bureaucracy, created: Department of Defense National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Expanded powers of executive branch to pursue international goals w/o a declaration of war 1948 - intention to create a West German Republic In opposition to the proposed republic, Stalin established the Berlin Blockade in June 1948 cutting off all rail and highway access to Berlin from the west. Choosing not to abandon Berlin or use military force, Truman ordered an airlift, called “Operation Vittles,” to supply West Berlin. The airlift continued until May 1949. Berlin Airlift, 1948 - 49 Recognition of Israel Middle Eastern oil was crucial to the European recovery program and to the health of the U.S. economy. Despite threats from the Arab nations to cut off the supply of oil, President Truman officially recognized the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Two Sides of War NATO, 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization USA, France, Great Britain, Western Germany CAPITALISM Warsaw Pact, 1955 Pro-Soviet countries – USSR and all countries controlled USSR COMMUNISM What about Japan? Gen. Douglas MacArthur took control of the newly democratic Japan In 1946, a MacArthurdictated constitution was adopted. It renounced militarism and introduced western-style democratic government Presidential Election, 1948 Mao Zedong and Communist China 1949 – The Chinese Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek was forced to flee to Taiwan Communists, led by Mao Zedong, swept over the country. Meanwhile, back in the USSR… 1949 – USSR drops their first atomic bomb Creates atomic arms race between US and USSR Truman okay’s the development of an H-bomb US in 1952 USSR 1953 Battling Communism on the Home front during the 40s… Executive Order 9835, 1946 – program to search out any “infiltration of disloyal persons” House on Un-American Activities (“HUAC”) to investigate “subversion,” and in 1948, committee member Richard M. Nixon prosecuted Alger Hiss. In February 1950, Joseph R. McCarthy burst upon the scene, charging that there were scores of unknown communists in the State Department. Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, which let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency.” “This House [of Representatives] must now assume the responsibility of preventing the onrushing tide of Communism from engulfing all of Asia.” - JFK NSC-68 USSR angry at UN’s boycott of China’s seat on Security Council – leaves UN Top Secret Document, April 14, 1950 Placed containment a HIGH priority Recommended military over diplomatic action Called for significant peacetime military spending Trying to prevent “domino theory” from becoming a reality The Korean Volcano Erupts June 25, 1950, North Korean forces suddenly invaded South Korean (38th parallel) Truman sprang to action, remembering NSC-68 used a Soviet absence from the UN to label North Korea as an aggressor and send UN troops to fight against the aggressors. He also ordered General MacArthur’s Japan-based troops to Korea. The Korean War • • • • • • General MacArthur landed a brilliant invasion behind enemy forces on September 15, 1950, and drove the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel, towards China and the Yalu River. An overconfident MacArthur boasted that he’d “have the boys home by Christmas,” but in November 1950, Chinese volunteers flooded across the border and pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel. MacArthur, humiliated, wanted to blockade China and bomb Manchuria, but Truman didn’t want to enlarge the war beyond necessity, but when the angry general began to publicly criticize President Truman, Harry had not choice but to remove him from command on grounds of insubordination. MacArthur returned to cheers while Truman was scorned as a “pig,” an “imbecile,” an appeaser to Communist Russian and China, and a “Judas.” In July 1951, truce discussions began but immediately snagged over the issue of prisoner exchange. Talks dragged on for two more years as men continued to die. Election of 1952 Eisenhower’s Campaign Political Ad: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh6aIkvgyVk I Like Ike Eisenhower wins easily Promised to go personally to Korea to end the war Dec 1952 – Eisenhower went to Korea 7 months later, after threatening to use atomic weapons, an armistice was finally signed (repeatedly violated) 1953 – Korea War ended Bought only a return to the conditions of 1950 Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Korean War Memorial in Washington, D.C. Problems for African Americans Jim Crow Laws – separate social arrangements for blacks & whites Schools, public toilets, drinking fountains, waiting rooms Violence broke out 14-year old Emmett Till was lynched in 1955 for leering at a white woman 1944 – An American Dilemma by Gunnar Mydral Exposed the contradiction between the treatment of blacks and the belief that all men are created equal Jackie Robinson – 1st AA to break the racial barrier in sports McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy was the most ruthless of all the Red Hunters 1950 – 1954: Did the most damage to American tradition of free speech and fair play 1954 – McCarthy attacked the US Army went too far Charged with “conduct unbecoming a member” Desegregating the South African Americans started demanding more rights after WWII 1944 – Supreme Court ruled that the “white primary” was unconstitutional Sweatt v. Painter – separate professional schools for black were not equal Thurgood Marshall, future Supreme Court Justice Dec 1955 – Rosa Parks was arrested & started the Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King Jr. followed the principles of Gandhi Nonviolent protest Planting Seeds of the Civil Rights Movement 1948 – Truman ended segregation in the military Congress still resisted passing civil rights legislation Eisenhower showed no real signs of interest in the racial issue Chief Justice Earl Warren – attacked social taboo items Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) Ruled that segregation was unequal & unconstitutional Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – separate but equal doctrine Desegregation with “all deliberate speed” Ike is forced to Act Sept 1957 – Little Rock, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus organized the National Guard to prevent 9 black students from enrolling in Central High School Eisenhower was forced to send troops to escort the students to class 1957 – Congress passed the Civil Rights Act Set up a Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights & authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights Remember the Titans integration scene: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZVDBDzQoBE The Movement Starts 1957 – Martin Luther King Jr. formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Aimed to mobilize the power of black churches Feb 1, 1960 – “sit-in” movement 4 black college students in Greensboro, NC started a sit-in at Woolworth’s lunch counter Movement spread very quickly across the South April 1960 – SNCC is formed Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Eisenhower’s Domestic Policy New Republicanism Strove to balance the federal budget & guard against “creeping socialism” Extended Social Security benefits & raised minimum wage Launched the largest public works program ever Highway Act – created interstates Failed to solve the economic problems of the 1950’s: low farm prices Operation Wetback (1954) – sent 1 million Mexicans back Sought to cancel the Indian New Deal Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy Sec of State John Dulles Pledged to “roll back” communism & “liberate captive peoples” Wanted to build up a air fleet of superbombers carrying nuclear bombs (Strategic Air Command or SAC) Massive retaliation policy – you attack us we will attack you The Vietnam Nightmare 1954 – US was financing 80% of the French colonial war in Indochina at $1 billion/year March 1954 – Dien Bien Phu 25,000 French troops were trapped at this French base Pleaded with the US for assistance but Ike refused 1954 – Geneva Accords Communist & Democratic powers agree to divide Vietnam Ho Chi Minh’s Communist would control the north Non-communist forces supported by the US would control the South 1956 – Vietnam would unify after national elections 1954 - Sec Dulles helped start the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Included US, Great Britain, France, & others Nations pledged joint action against any aggressor Cold War Thaws Nikita Khrushchev Becomes leader of USSR when Stalin dies Hope for better relationship with US Soviets agreed to end their occupation of Austria July 1955 – Geneva Summit Policy of peaceful coexistence emerges Menaces in the Middle East CIA engineered a political coup 1953 – Installed a youthful Shah of Iran as a pro-western dictator who guaranteed Iranian oil for the West Us intervention led to a legacy of resentment Suez Crisis – 1956 Egyptian leader, Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal owned chiefly by British & French stockholders led to a joint British-French attack on Egypt that was condemned by the US Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957 Pledged US military & economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression OPEC is formed – 1960 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Election 1956 Candidates: Republican – Eisenhower & Nixon Democrat – Adlai Stevenson Eisenhower’s Second Term Labor legislation – Teamsters Union “Dave” Beck – sent to prison for embezzlement Replaced by James Hoffa – AF of L / CIO expelled the Teamsters Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) Prevent bullying tactics & would make labor leaders keep accurate financial records The Race for Space Oct 4, 1957 – Soviets launched the first satellite into space called Sputnik I & was followed by Sputnik II a month later US’s confidence was shattered by the “missileGap” Created National Aeronautics and Space Administration Congress authorized the National Defense & Education Act (1958) to improve the teaching of science & languages The Spirit of Camp David Khrushchev invited in 1959 to America to met with the U.N. General Assembly Discussed disarmament Result was a meeting at Camp David in Maryland Follow-up meeting was planned for Paris in May, 1960 Eve of conference, American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet Union Ended hope of peaceful coexistence Problems in Latin America Latin American Grievances European countries received more US aid CIA-directed coup involvement in Guatemala (1954) But continued to support dictators that claimed to combat communism Cuba Dictator – Fulgencio Batista - some support from US Fidel Castro engineered a revolution in 1959 & was not friendly to the US US stopped importing Cuban sugar & broke relations in 1961 Cuba became a Soviet satellite Soviet Union set up a communist base in Cuba Khrushchev threatened an attack if the US attacked Cuba Ike’s Legacy 22nd Amendment (1951) Presidents can serve only 2 terms or a total of 10 years Passed under Truman, prevented Ike from running again. 1959 – Alaska & Hawaii become states Exercised restraint on using military power Prosperity in the 1950s Surge of home construction Computers were developed – IBM Commercial airlines & “Air Force One” – Boeing “White collar” workers outnumbered “blue collar” workers Clerical & service work filled by mostly women “Cult of domesticity” emerged – “Ozzie & Harriet” Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) started the women’s movement Consumer culture Expansion of the middle class Diner’s Club – first credit card in 1950 1954 – McDonalds opened in California 1955 – Disneyland opened in California TV were in almost every home Televangelists – Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton J. Sheen Commercialized professional sports Rock ‘n’ Roll – mix of black rhythm & blues, country, & gospel Elvis Presley Marilyn Monroe – Playboy in 1955