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Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
ISSN 1819-544X
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Detection of Urinary Organic Acids in high risk Egyptian Children by Electrospray
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
1
El-Mesallamy H., 2Gouda A., 2Fateen E., 2Elbaz A
1
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, and
Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
2
Biochemical Genetics
ABSTRACT
Establishing an approach for early diagnosis and monitoring of disorders associated with accumulation
organic acids in high risk Egyptian children using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
(LC/MS/MS). Organic acids were detected in urine using LC/MS/MS and results were then confirmed by gas
chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For confirmation of the type of organic acidurias (OA),
acylcarnitines and/ or amino acids profiles using LC/MS/MS were done to all patients showing abnormal
organic acids profiles patterns. LC/MS/MS detection of urinary organic acids revealed 31 out of 50 subjects
(62%) with 11 different OAs. Organic acids profile must be done to neonates admitted to critical care units
suffering unexplained neurological manifestations. The LC/MS/MS is a fast and efficient technique for the
detection of many organic acids in urine and can facilitate the future screening for OA among high risk Egyptian
families.
Key words: Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, organic acidurias, inborn errors of metabolism, toxic
encephalopathy, neonatal screening.
Introduction
Organic acidurias(OA) are diverse group of inheritable genetic metabolic disorders characterized by
accumulation of non-amino organic acids in urine; these disorders share the characteristic of having
neurological manifestations as the main clinical presentation. Although the individual incidence of each type of
OA is very low, the cumulative incidence of OA as a group is high. (Hoffmann, 1994).
Due to high consanguinity in Egypt, OA, like most other inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), are found in
many families and cause high morbidity and mortality rates due to neurological damages which happen at a very
young age. These disorders are mostly misdiagnosed as other non-inheritable disorders such as sepsis, neonatal
asphyxia, or poor feeding, leading to wasting a lot of time that is very precious to the patients because the
neurological damages are usually irreversible. (Kamboj, 2008; Fateen et al., 2009).
All over the world, screening neonates just after their birth allows the early detection of some types of IEM;
hence, affected neonates are diagnosed before they develop their 1st symptoms. (Dionisi-Vici et al., 2006).
The diagnosis of OA is very difficult and needs a very careful and accurate interpretation of both the
clinical presentation and the biochemical parameters of the patient. The diagnosis depends mainly on clinical
presentation as well as detection of urinary organic acids using gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry (GC/MS). (Sweetman, 1999).
The aim of this study is to establish an approach for early diagnosis and monitoring of disorders associated
with accumulation organic acids in high risk Egyptian children using LC/ MS/ MS. In order to ensure that the
results obtained by LC/ MS/ MS are correct, the same samples were analyzed using GC/MS.
Confirmation of the type of OA for each patient is carried out using assay of amino acids as well as
acylcarnitines profiles in dried blood spots.
Materials and Methods
Organic acids profile was carried out for all patients and controls using LC/ MS/ MS according to the
method of Pitt et al., (2002). In this method a 200μL of a solution containing 5μmol/L Hexanoyl [13C2] glycine
(internal standard) in acetonitrile: H2O (1:1 by volume) was added to the urine samples with volumes equivalent
to a creatinine concentration of 20nmol/L and injected directly using Finnigan Surveyor autosampler into
HPLC-ESI-MS system consisted of an HP 1100 Series HPLC instrument(quaternary pump and degasser,
Corresponding Author: Dr. AmrSobhi Gouda, Assistant professor of biochemical genetics department. National research
center, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected], ph: +201001440865
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
column compartment, and autosampler)and an LCQ ADVANTAGE MAX mass spectrometer from Thermo
Finnigan. Nitrogen was used as a sheath gas. Helium was used as collision gas at a pressure of 2.5 to 3.5mTorr.
The collision energy was set to 35eV. Temperature was set to70oC. Data were collected and analyzed using
Xcaliber 1.4 software. Each organic acid was identified on basis of its mass to charge ratio (m/z) and confirmed
by the m/z of its daughter ion.
Another urine sample for the same patient or control was analyzed for its organic acids content using GC/
MS according to the method of Sweetman (1991). In this method a urine sample with volume equivalent to a
creatinine concentration of 1mmol/L was made up to 2mL with distilled water acidified to pH 1.5 and mixed
with 100μL of decanoic acid 5mM/L and 100μLof heptadecanoic acid 75mg/ 200mL (internal standards). Solid
sodium chloride was added and the organic acids were extracted twice with 2mL ethylacetate then once using
diethyl ether. The organic acids were pooled and evaporated under nitrogen. Drevatization was then performed
with 75μL of BSTFA (bis-trimethylsyliltrifluracetamide + 1% trimethylchlorosilane) and 20μL of pyridine in a
fume cupboard to each dried extract, the extract was heated for 30 minutes at 80oC and then transferred into
GC/MS vials. A half μL of the drevatized sample was injected into GC/MS instrument with a CP-sil 8 CB
capillary column. The temperature settings were as follows: Injector 250oC, column 90- 280oC with an
increment of 3oC per min, ion source 150oC and mass analyzer 35oC. Organic acids were analyzed based on
both retention time (Rt) and fragmentation pattern.
According to the type of OA, acylcarnitines, and/ or amino acids profiles in dried blood spot using LC/ MS/
MS according to the methods of Schulze et al (2003) and Zoppa et al (2006) were done respectively.
Subjects having normal organic acids profile but experienced intermittent attacks of neurological signs and
symptoms with symptoms free intervals were asked to repeat the tests using samples taken during the episodes
to ensure that organic acids profile is normal in presence and absence of signs and symptoms.
Patients:
The study included 50high risk Egyptian children referred to the biochemical genetics department from
different university hospitals, ICU and private clinics.
The selection criteria:
- Patients with a +ve family history of OA and had unexplained neurological manifestations.
- Patients with -ve family history of OA but had unexplained neurological manifestations.
- Normally apparent neonate having brothers or sisters previously diagnosed as patients of OA.
Patient ages ranged from 1month to 51 months. Twenty healthy controls of matching ages were also
included for comparison. A written consent was signed by the parents or care takers of the studied subjects and
controls after full explanation of the study. This consent was obtained from the ethical committee at the National
Research center (NRC).
All patients and controls were subjected to full history taking and physical examination.
Results:
The present study included 50 patients. The study included 27 boys (54 %) and 23 girls (46 %). Thirty three
(66 %) from the studied cases were born to consanguineous parents.
Detection of urinary organic acids revealed 31 cases with 11 different types of OA. These OAs and their
accumulated organic acids are shown in table (1).
Discussion:
Many studies have shown that OAs are relatively common disorders among the IEM (Hori et al, 2005;
Keeratichameron et al., 2005; Wasant et al., 2008; Wagner et al., 2009). The diagnosis of OA depends on
clinical presentation as well as the detection of organic acids in urine. Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) was the first
detected OA by Tanaka using GC/MS in 1966. (Tanaka et al., 1966).
The present study was constructed to establish a diagnostic approach for early diagnosis of various
disorders associated with accumulation of organic acids in urine of high risk Egyptian children.
The highest presentation of our study group was in the 2nd year of life. Taking the history of the patients, the
delayed diagnosis was attributed to the lack of awareness of the physicians about the signs and the symptoms of
a genetic disorder and how to differentiate it from other non-inheritable disorders and, as a result, patients
remained completely undiagnosed or were misdiagnosed with non-inheritable disorders and were subjected to
recurrent metabolic crises with its concomitant irreversible damage. That was obvious in three of our patients
who died affected by the complications of their diseases shortly after presentation. These patients were
diagnosed either with tyrosinemia or multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD).
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
Table 1: Types of OA detected in this study with the abnormal metabolites detected by LC/ MS/ MS.
Percent
Percent
Number of from
from
Acylcarnitines
OA
patients
total
diagnosed
Organic acids profile
profile
diagnosed
number
cases
(n=50)
(n=31)
MSUD
6
Multiple
carboxylase
deficiency
PKU
GA I
12%
19.4%
4
8%
12.9%
4
8%
12.9%
4
8%
12.9%
Orotic
aciduria
3
6%
9.7%
MMA
3
6%
9.7%
MCADD
2
4%
6.5%
Tyrosinemia I
2
4%
6.5%
MVA
MGA
1
1
2%
2%
3.2%
3.2%
MADD
1
2%
3.2%
2-oxoisocaproate
&
2hydroxyisovalerate
Lactate, 3-hydroxypropionate, 3hydroxyisovalerate and
C5:1
glycine.
Phenyllactate,
phenylpyruvate
and phenylacetate
C5dicarboxylate
and
3hydroxyglutarate
Orotic acid
Lactate, methylmalonate, 3hydroxypropionate
and
methylcitrate
C6- 10dicarboxylic acids, suberyl
glycine and hexanoyl glycine.
4-hydoxyphenylpyruvate,
4hydoxyphenyllactate,
4hydroxyphenylacetate
and
succinylacetone.
Mevalonate and mevalonolactone
Methylglutaconate
Lactate, C4dicarboxylate
C5dicarboxylate
and
Amino
profile
Leucine
valine
-
acids
and
Alanine
-
Phenylalanine
C5
DC
acylcarnitine
-
-
None
in
1
patient
and
citrulline in 2
patients
with
orotic aciduria.
C3acylcarnitine
Alanine
glycine
C6-C10
acylcarnitines
-
-
Tyrosine
C4, C5, C6, C8,
C10, C12, C14, C16
and C18
Leucine
valine
and
and
(-) Non significant
Figures (1-4) show a case with MMA diagnosed through organic acids profile followed by acylcarnitines
and amino acids profiles.
Subject#17 #5-307 RT: 0.08-2.99
T: - cESI Full ms [ 50.00-320.00]
3-OH Propionate and Lactate
140000 89.25
C4 Dicarboxylate
130000 Internal standard
120000 117.25
110000 174.21
100000 Methylcitrate
Intensity
90000 80000 70000 205.02
60000 50000 40000 144.11
30000 20000 10000 91.64
81.62 107.59
234.91
166.36 179.73
265.41
287.45 257.23
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
m/z
Fig. 1: Negative ion spectrum for patient with MMA using LC/ MS/ MS. The organic acids profile shows peaks
of Lactate & 3-Hydroxypropionate (m/z=89), C4 Dicarboxylate (m/z=117) and Methylcitrate
(m/z=205).
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
2000000 Methylmalonate
1900000
Lactate 1800000 Methylcitrate
1700000 1600000 1500000
1400000 1300000 Internal standard
1200000
Abundance 1100000 1000000 900000 800000 700000 600000 Internal standard
500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
0.0 4 8
12
16
20
Time (min)
24
28
32
36
Fig. 2: Chromatogram for a case with MMA using GC/ MS. Organic acids profile shows peaks of Lactate,
Methylmalonate and Mehylcitrate.
Subject#17 RT:0.73 T: + cESI Full ms [200.00-500.00]
100 C3
95
274
90
85
80
75
70
Intensity %
65
60
55
50
45
304
40
35
30
25
*
263
15
10
d3C3
459
20
227
218 260
347
277
456
5
0
250 300
350
m/z
400
450
500
Fig. 3: Acylcarnitines profile for a case with MMA showing the characteristic peak for C3 acylcarnitine.
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
Subject
#17
RT:
0.84
T: + cESI Full ms [ 50.00-300.00]
90
100
Alanine
95
90
85
Glycine 80
75
76 70
Intensity %
65
60
55
50
D4-Alanine
45
40
35
13
172
15
C2 N-Glycine 30
25
126
186
153
79 94
20
135
178
15
10
5
0
50 100
150
m/z
200
250
300
Fig. 4: Amino acids profile for a case with MMA showing elevated glycine (m/z=76) and alanine (m/z=90).
The study group included 3 patients (6%) who were asymptomatic at presentation and were suspected for
OA because they had previous affected brothers or sisters.The 3 patients were later diagnosed for different types
of OA. The neonatal period is the most critical period in the patient life when any metabolic crisis can be
devastating and life threatening (Kamboj, 2008). Introducing the neonatal screening program, at least among the
highly suspected families, will provide the early diagnosis and treatment and give those patients a chance for a
better life.
The effect of parental consanguinity was strongly observed in the study group. The majority of the study
group (66%) were from consanguineous families.Also the number of similarly affected family members was
much higher in consanguineous families; as a result,physicians should consider the possibility of the presence of
genetic disorder. Consanguinity rates vary from one population to another depending on religion, culture, and
geography.Temtamy and Loutife (1970) stated that the rate of consanguineous marriage among the Egyptian
population was 33 %, while in another study carried out by Hafez et al (1983) it was 28.9 %. In a study made by
Tadmouri et al in 2009, it was stated that many Arab countries, among which is Egypt, display some of the
highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world ranging around 20-50% of all marriages, and specifically
favoring first cousin marriages with average rates of about 20-30%.This was attributed to socio-cultural factors,
such as maintenance of family structure and property, ease of marital arrangements, better relations with inlaws, and financial advantages relating to dowry.The lack of awareness about the hazards of consanguineous
marriage among Arab populations increases the rates of occurrence of genetic disorders. There is a persistent
need for establishing screening programs in these countries to detect these increasing patients before they face
their first metabolic attack with its resulting irreversible sequalae. The cost benefit relationship is obvious.
Diagnosis of OA depends on the detection of organic acids in urine. The most common method for
diagnosis of OA is GC/ MS analysis of the trimethylsilyl esters of the ethylacetate extract of organic acids in
urine. (Sweetman, 1999).
The aim of our work was to establish a rapid and accurate method for the diagnosis of patients suspected to
have OA and to extend this method to be used for screening the high risk families. The use of Pitt`s method (Pitt
et al., 2002) was sufficient especially that no quantitation was required. The results obtained by this method
were compared to results of the same samples when analyzed using GC/ MS. The LC/ MS/ MS method offered
the advantages of shorter run time (3 minutes compared to 75 min for GC/ MS), smaller sample size which is
suitable for preterm and dehydrated patients and the use of samples without any drevatization.
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Several organic acids could be detected in the study group and led to diagnosis of 31 patients with 11
different types of OA; We used Acylcarnitines and amino acids profiles for further confirmation (Table 1).
Example for these OAs is methylmalonic acidemia(MMA) which was detected in 3 patients of the study
group. Organic acids characteristic for this disorder (methylmalonate and 3-hydroxypropionate) could
successfully be detected using LC/ MS/ MS (Fig 1) when compared to GC/ MS (Fig 2). Acylcarnitines profile
showed elevated C3 acylcarnitine (Fig 3) and amino acids profile (Fig 4) showed elevated alanine and glycine,
which confirmed the diagnosis.
Methylmalonic acidemia is the most common OA in many studies (El Gammal et al., 2001; Selim et al.,
2009). It was not the most common OA in our study but it had a frequency as high as 6% of the study group and
9.7% of the detected cases (Table 1). The MMA is disorder of branched chain amino acids metabolism. It results
from either deficiency of the methylmalonyl CoA mutase enzyme or defect in the synthesis of its cofactor; Vit
B12. Using our diagnostic approach couldn`t detect the underlying cause of MMA and measurement of enzyme
activity or molecular studies is required if determination of the type is necessary.
The most frequent diagnosed type of OA in the present study was maple syrup urine disease (MSUD); 6
cases were detected out of the 50 patients tested (12%) (Table 1). This is surprisingly high frequency in our
population especially when compared to 2 previous studies made on Egyptian children in 2009, the 1st was done
by Selim et al (2009)and didn`t detect any case with MSUD after screening 800 high risk patients, that is
possibly because they first screened their patients using acylcarnitine profile and assayed organic acids only for
patients showing abnormal acylcarnitine profiles which is not characteristic for MSUD patients. The 2nd study
was done by Fateen et al(2009) who screened 117 high risk patients over 6 years and could detect only one case
of MSUD. A larger study must be done on Egyptian children using samples taken from different regions of
Egypt to know the different prevalent types of OA with their accurate frequencies.
Glutarate, ethylmalonate, and methylsuccinate are three organic acids that are potential markers for many
IEM, these compounds have the same parent mass (m/z 131) and daughter ions (m/z 87) when analyzed using
LC/ MS/ MS, they couldn`t be distinguished by Pitt (2002) and was referred to as C5 dicarboxylate. We
detected C5 dicarboxylic acid peaks in 4 patients of the study group (Table 1), to determine the type of OA; we
looked for the simultaneously detected organic acids in each profile. In one of the patients, organic acids profile
showed simultaneous accumulation of C4 dicarboxylate and lactate, this gave a possibility of multiple acyl CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD). Acylcarnitines profiles confirmed the diagnosis by showing elevation of all
acylcarnitines in the blood spot sample.
In the other three patients, organic acids profile showed simultaneous accumulation of 3-hydroxyglutarate
and the patients were diagnosed with Glutaric aciduria type I (GAI). Acylcarnitines profile confirmed the
diagnosis by showing elevated C5DC Acylcarnitines.
One of the patients diagnosed with GAI presented with intermittent form of the neurological manifestations.
The organic acids profile using a random sample was normal, however, re-analyzing the patient using a sample
taken during an acute attack revealed a pattern diagnostic for GAI. As a results, the possibility of OA shouldn`t
be excluded before analyzing organic acids profile during an acute attack.
Multiple carboxylase deficiency is an OA that was detected in 4 patients of the study group (8% of the
study group & 13% of the diagnosed cases). The diagnosis depended on detection of variable organic acids and
acylglycines (3-hydroxypropionate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, C5:1 glycine and lactate) that couldn`t be assigned to
a certain enzyme deficiency (Table 1). This condition is due to deficiency of either biotinidase or
holocarboxylase synthetase involved in biotin metabolism (Burri et al., 1981). Our diagnostic approach couldn't
determine which enzyme is deficient and the enzyme analysis must be done.
The 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate are 3hydroxyphenyldrevatives detected in the urine of 2 patients of the study groups (4% of the study group & 6.5%
of the diagnosed cases) (Table 1). The detection of these compounds indicates the possibility of tyrosinemia; a
disorder of tyrosine catabolism.Tyrosinemia has 3 clinically distinguished types; hereditary infantile tyrosinemia
(tyrosinemia I; hepatorenal tyrosinemia), Richner-Hanhart syndrome (tyrosinemia II; occulocutaneous
tyrosinemia), and tyrosinemia III (benign tyrosinemia).(Filiano, 2006).
Using LC/MS/ MS in either detection of urinary hydroxyphenyl derivatives or in detection of blood
tyrosine couldn`t assign the patients to a certain type of tyrosinemia. The patients were later diagnosed with
tyrosinemia type I after detection of succinylacetone by GC/MS. Unfortunately, succinylacetone couldn`t be
detected by LC/MS/ MS.
Although both patients with tyrosinemia type I presented in the1st year of their lives which is not late for
tyrosinemia I, they presented with so severe symptoms that they both died before the end of this study affected
by complications of their disease.Both patients had severe anemia that is due to accumulation of
succinylacetone. Anemia was also a result of diminished ability of the liver to produce clotting factors leading to
severe bleeding. In a study made by Croffie et alin 1994, it was recommended that tyrosinemia type I be
suspected in infants with severe bleeding even if there is no other signs of liver failure.
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3): 1909-1916, 2013
Orotic acid was detected in the urine of 3 patients of the study group (6% of the study group and10% of the
diagnosed cases) (Table 1). The underlying cause of this orotic aciduria couldn`t be detected by the organic
acids analysis alone. Because the treatment strategy depends on the type of orotic aciduria, the detection of
amino acids in blood was necessary.
In one of the patients with orotic aciduria, the amino acids profile was normal and it was attributed to a
disorder of pyrimidine metabolism, a condition known as hereditary orotic aciduria. The treatment strategy was
directed to administration of uridine. (Winkler and Suttle, 1988).
In the other two cases, accumulated citrulline pointed to a secondary orotic aciduria that may be due to urea
cycle defect.
One case (2% of the study group) was detected for both mevalonic aciduria (MVA)and Methylglutaconic
aciduria (MGA) (Table 1), both cases presented in the 1st year of their lives which is not a late age for their
presentation. They didn`t show any characteristic clinical presentation except for the usual neurological
symptoms and didn`t reveal any abnormal biochemical parameter. Organic acids profile was the only way for
diagnosing both patients through detection of mevalonate for MVA and methylglutaconate for MGA.
Although organic acids profiling could detect 3 cases of 2 fatty acid oxidation defects (MADD and
MCADD), acylcarnitines profiling remains the most suitable method for detection of these disorder and must be
used for confirmation of any patient with these defects detected by organic acids profiling.
Conclusion:
Egypt, like most other Arabian communities, is characterized by high rates of consanguineous marriages
leading to widespread of genetic disorders among which are OAs.
OA is a group of disorders that are greatly varied. They have no common clinical presentation or share the
same biochemical abnormalities. Furthermore, these disorders are very aggressive, attack at a very young age
and cause high morbidity and mortality rates in a very short time.
Organic acid analysis is the only route for diagnosis of OA; this can be done using GC/MS or LC/ MS/ MS.
Using LC/ MS/ MS in detection of urinary organic acids will facilitate introduction of neonatal screening
program for OA, that is because it has a short run time thus can make large number of samples in a very short
time and uses a small sample size that is suitable for neonatal period and preterm babies. However, LC/MS/ MS
couldn`t detect some of the organic acids e.g. in case of succinylacetone, in this case, GC/MS can only be used.
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