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Chapter 10 Muscular System Gross Anatomy 1 Muscle Terminology & Concepts Tendon – connective tissue structure attaching muscle to bone (and occasionally to other connective tissue) Aponeurosis – a broad, sometimes fan-like tendon Antagonists – two (or more) muscles whose actions are opposites of each other. e.g. one extends a structure & its antagonist flexes the same structure 2 Muscle Terminology & Concepts Muscles generally attach to two structures, one stationary and one moveable Origin – the attachment end of the muscle that is most stationary Insertion – the attachment end of the muscle that is most moveable Belly – the large portion of the muscle between origin & insertion Action – the movement performed by the muscle 3 1 Muscle Terminology & Concepts Prime Mover – a muscle that performs most of the movement at a joint Fixator – a muscle that stabilizes a joint e.g. Flexor carpi radialis & f.c. ulnaris stabilize the wrist while fingers extend 4 Naming Muscles Muscles may be named for their: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Location Size Shape Orientation Origin &/or Insertion # of heads Function see 309-310 for examples of these 5 Muscle Shapes Pennate – feather shaped. These muscles have fascicles arranged like the barbs of a feather around a tendon Advantage: allows more fascicles to be attached to the tendon for a stronger pull! 6 2 Additional Muscle Shapes Circular – fascicles arranged in a circle, usually around an opening. These usually close the opening. Commonly called sphincters. Parallel – fascicles arranged along the long axis of muscle. Advantage: ability to shorten along much of their length. Convergent – often fan shaped these muscles have a wide base and a narrow insertion. Can exert more force than a parallel muscle. 7 Yes, we just saw this one described as a multipinnate it is both… 8 9 3 10 Movement as Muscles Pull Muscles pull (P) Bones serve as levers (L) The levers pivot around a fulcrum (F) moving a weight (W) 11 Class I Lever Fulcrum located between the force (pull) and the weight similar to a seesaw pull down on one side, other side raises Tilting head with muscles at back of neck uses this method 12 4 Class II Lever Weight located between the pull and the fulcrum similar to a wheel barrow Standing on tiptoe uses calf muscles in this fashion 13 Class II Lever Pulling force is between fulcrum & weight. Similar to using a shovel Disadvantage - can’t lift as large weights Advantage – can move moderate weights over greater distances Most common arrangement in body 14 15 5 16 17 18 6 Lab Book Review muscles listed in lab book We will look in detail in the coming days 19 20 21 7 22 23 24 8 25 26 27 9 28 29 30 10 31 32 33 11 34 35 36 12 37 38 39 13 40 41 42 14 43 44 45 15 46 47 48 16 49 50 51 17 52 53 54 18 55 19