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Nouns (N) This is a large class. It contains all the words that name something or somebody. There are different types of nouns: Proper nouns These are the names of particular people, places or things. These nouns always start with a capital letter e.g. David, September, Newcastle. Common nouns These are the names of ordinary things e.g. sister, cat, shop. Abstract nouns These are the names of feelings and other things that can be thought about but not seen e.g. love, truth. Collective nouns The names of groups of objects e.g. crowd, flock, herd. Some nouns can be singular or plural e.g. dog/ dogs, table/tables. These are called countable nouns because you can count more than one. Other nouns, like money, butter and cotton do not change when they are in the plural. These are called mass nouns. Adjectives (A) This is another large class of words. Adjectives are words that are used to describe a noun or pronoun. They can become before or after a noun. e.g. the tall man or the man was tall. Adjectives can make comparisons e.g. the tall man, the taller man, the tallest man. Pronouns (n) Pronouns are words that can be used in place of a noun. You can write: The boy ran away. The boy ran too fast and fell over. You can use a pronoun instead: The boy ran away. He ran too fast and fell over. Examples of pronouns are: He She it them they his yourself who what. my Verbs (V) This is an important word class because every sentence must have a verb in it. Verbs tell us two things: • An action by a noun E.g. Dan kicked the ball. The builder lifted the bricks. • A state of being a noun e.g. Dan is tired. The builder has a pile of bricks. Verbs can show when things happen. These are called tenses. Present tense: Dan kicks the ball. The action is happening now. Past tense: Dan kicked the ball. The action has already happened. Future tense: Dan will kick the ball. The action is going to happen. Conjunctions ( c ) Conjunctions connect parts of a sentence They can do different jobs. Co-ordinating conjunctions can be used to join two simple sentences e.g. Fred went to the shops and he bought some stickers. There are four co-ordinating conjunctions : and so or but Subordinating conjunctions can be used to join a sentence and a subordinate clause E.g. Fred went to the shop although he did not have any money. Fred went to the shop because he wanted some stickers. Fred went to the shop when the rain stopped. Adverbs (Av) Adverbs give more information about verbs and sometimes about adjectives. Many verbs end in ‘ly’ They often answer these questions How? (quietly), How much? (very), Where? (outside), When? (soon), How often? (never). Determiners (d) These are some of the most common words in the English language e.g. a, an, the Determiners refer to a noun e.g. the dog, that table, a girl. Sometimes there may be other words between the determiner and the noun e.g. the big dog, that old table. Many words can be included in more than one class depending on their job in a sentence. e.g. Hit can be a noun: The hit of the week was ‘ The Tide is High’ by Atomic Kitten. Or a verb: She hit the ball into the net. Blue can be a noun (Blue is a colour), An adjective (the bottle is blue) Or an adverb (She was feeling blue.)