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28 , DESCRIPTIONS OF PlANTS POR FIELD CROP mENTIFICA'nON SECTION L RICE • EdIble GraIn Rice is a warm-season aDDUal JI'aSS which am vuy from 18 inches to 70 inches in height at maturity. 1be iofIoresceDce is a loose terminal panicle, 3 to 15 iDcbes loDg. The plant tillers freely. usually beariDa 4 or 5 ClaJms, but may produce up to 50. Rice has a hollow culm whldl allows movement' of air dowD into the plant whleb is imponant in allowiD& the plant to exist in aD aquatic environment. LoWsfua has averaged about Sso,OOO acres planted to rice in rec:eDt years. 2. SOYBEAN • on and PIotebt The soybean plant is an erect warm..season .nnual DOl'IDally from 2 to -4 feet tall 1'be leaves consist of 31caflets. The amal1 flowers are DOrmally purple or white and the seed pods are suaigbt, hairy and.nQrJD8lly comain from 3 to S seeds. Seods may vary in color from cream to yellow to greeD, brown or black. The seeds of soybeaDs are of exceptionally hiJb feed value, with some 30 to SO percent proteiD, 13 to 2S percent oil and 14 to 24 percent carbOhydrates. Soybean acreage has averaged about 2.S million acres in Louisiana in recent years. It is a legume. 3. COlTON .. Fiber, on aDd Prote1a Couon is grown as a warm-season anDual but is actually a perennial that is killed by frost. The plant has erect stems and will vat)' from 2 to 7 feet in height. The leaves are simple and its branches are arr8nged in a spiral. The fruit Is a leathery capsule or boll with three to five cells. The fiber is contained in the bolls. The fibers are derived from the outermost layer of cells afthe seed. Cotton acreage has averaged about 600,000 in Louisiana in recent years. 4. CORN • Feed Grain Com is a warm-season annual, monoeclous grass plant. Monoedous (which Hterally means one bouse) refers to those plants with two distinct types of flowers (male and female) found on the same plant. Male flowers (the tassel) are located at the top of the plant. The female flowers are found in the ears. The stem of com may vary from 2 to 20 feet tall in different typeS. The root system of com consists of the seminal roots which grow downward at the time of seed sermiDation, coroual roots,' which arise- from stem tissue. and aerial or brace roots which arise from nodes above the soU surface. Louisiana has averased about 250.000 acres planted to com in recent years. .s. SUGARCANE • SUlar Susarcane is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Orient. It is a warm-season pereDDial grass and bas a 1011& jointed culm; usually called the stalk or stem. A small portion of the stalk, known as the root stoCk, or rhizome, is underground On the rest of the stalk, which·1s above ground. the leaves, buds. aDd other vesetauve and reproductive structures develop. The stalks of Louisiana cane are senerally 1 to 2 inches in diameter and 12 to 14 feet tall Stalks can be light dark green or purple to reddish in color. Near the node, a whitish waxy 29 substaDee called bloom is found. lbe stalks are jointed, with a bud and root band at each node. It is from these buds that new plants arise when planted to a furrow. Sugarcane does not produce a pauicle or flower naturally in Louisiana because of the day length. Canes bred in Louisiaua have to be photoperiodlcally manipulated before flowers or seed am. be produced. IDuisiaD.a normally has about 250,000 acres of sugarcane yearly. S. GRAIN SORGIWM • Feed Grain The sorghum plant is a warm.-season coarse 8DDU8l grass with stems 2 to 15 (or sometimes more) feet in heigbt. 'lbe culms are .made up of 7 to 18 or more nodes and internodes. A·leaf is bome at each node; leaves are alternate and on opposite sides of the $tem. The inflorescence (head) of sorghum is a panicle usually l'8DBing from 3 to 20 inches in length and 2 to 8 inches in width. lbe seed y{lJ.jch are produced on this head may be white, pink, yellOW, red, .buff. brown or reddish-brown. Grain sorgbum acreage in Louisiana bas averaged about 300,000 acres per year recently. ,." 7. WHEAT • Edible Grain, Feed Grain The wheat plant is a cool..season ~ual grass with fiat- blades and a terminal spike (head at the top of the plant). 111e culm of the mature wheat plant is a hollow, jointed cylinder that comprises 3 to 6 nodes and intemodes. lbe stems of most varieties are solid at the nodes, but :be intel1lodes are hollow. Stems are white to yellow or in some vaneties, mostly pUIPIe in color. Total pIant height may vary from 2 to '5 feet. Wheat acreage has averaged about 200,000 in Louisiana in recent years. 8. OATS .. Feed Grain The oat plant is a cool-season, annual grass with bollow stems, flat blades and a panicle home at the top of the plant. Under normal conditions, the oat plant produces 3 to 5 hollow culms (tillers). The culm usually bas 4 to 5 nodes and internodes. The leaf blade averages about 10 inches in length and about 1/2 inch in width. The roots are smaIl, numerous, fibrous. and densely coveted with fine hairs. Louisiana has a limited acreage of oats averaging a~ut 11,000 per year. 9. StJNFLOWER • 011 . is a tall warm-season lJUlual with large, rough..bahy Jeaves, alternately.arranged on ,the stout, little-branched stem. The plant is usually S to 10 feet talL The flower is a distinctive head or disk 3 to 24 inches in diameter witb The i'suDflower ycillow ray florets. The seed· are creamy white to dark-brown and are often striped. This crop is grown on a very limited acrease iu Louisiana. 10. SWEET SORGHUM - Ethanol, Sirup Sweetsorpum is a natural pereonial but is grown as an annual in Louisiana as it is ldlled by frost. The number of internodes varies with the va,rieties and individual stalks. Stalks. of most varieties taper from the base toward the top. The diameter of the last internode is the smallesL The interior of the stalk is. eomposed mainly of 30 soft pith that CODtaiDs the sweet juice. Sweet sorghum DOrmally produces several tDlers. It is • wa.t'Dl-Se8SOD Jl'ISS. 11. RAPESEED • on Crop Rapeseed is a cool'"sea50D. amma1 oil crop produced on a very limited acreage in louisiana. It is characterised. by pabrous (hairless) leaves on mature plants whUe leaves of)'OUDl plants are somewhat hairy. The flowers bave bript yeJlow or buff petals. The seeds are purpJ.ish.black. 12. PEA.NTJTS • on and Protein ne peanut is a low JI'OWiD& tufted BDDualleaume with yeUowisb flowers which turD down after polliDatiOD. 1bis tumiD& down buries the dmdopiDg fruit in tho JfOUDd. At maturity, the pods lI'e fibrous aDd contam 2 to 3 pea-Uko seeds which are red or brown mcolor. 1bc leaves are piDDate1y compound with four leaflets. Peanut acrease is very small in Louisiana ad has averaged about 250 acres in receDt years. It is a warm-seasora pl8DL 13. ANNUAL RYEGRASS • Forap Annual ryegrass is a c:ool-season, short lived bunch grass which grows erect to a . height of 2 to 3 feet. The florets (flowers) of annual ryegrass are llOI'IDIllyBWDed and '-the stems are cylindrical. The leaves are roDed in the bu~ and the plants are yeUowish-green III color at the base. . Annual ryegrass is grown as a winter grass for pasture, hay, sUage and as a cover crop. 14. TALL FESCUE -ForaI' Tall fescue is a cool-season. aggressive, perennial bunch grass which grows to a height of 3 to 4~ feet. Tho plant has shon creeping rhizomes which in older stands, develop a uniform, thick sod. It produces an abundance of dark-green basalleayes with leaf blades approximately 1/3 inch wide and 12 inches Ions. The leaf blades are smooth OD the under surface, but rough to the touch on the upper surface because of deeply ribbed veiDs. It is primarily a pasture and soU conserviDg plaut, but can be cut for bay if properly managed. 15. DALLISGRASS - Forage Dallisgrass is a lOlli-lived, warm-seasOD, deep rooted, pereDDIal grass which grows to a heipt of 2 to 4 feet. It spreads ve.etatively and reproduces by seeds. The seed head ccmtaiDs 3 to S racemes alODg the central &tOlD. Leaves are v.. inch wide, 4 to 10 inches IODI and are produced in abundance at the base of the plant. It forms a loose sod under beavy srazin. which makes it an excelleIU grass to mix with lepmes and other passes. 16. BERMUDAGRASS • Fora. Bermudagrass is a wann-seasoD; creeping perennial, lOd-farmiD& twfgrass wbleb propaptes by seed, l'IIDHfS aDd WlciergrOUDd rhizomes. The shon, flat leaves are two raDked and are 1 to .. filches 1ODJ. At the base of each leaf is a prominent ring or fringe of white hair. The seed beads are spikes, 3 to 8 in a duster-and grow from. t • 31 6 to 12 inches high. Spreading habits of this grass may vary from a fow incbes to 3 to 4 ft. 17. BAJlIAGRASS -Foap Bahiagrass is a W8.I'JJl-sea5OD, dc!ISe, tufted perennial aod-fonDiDg that arows from 1 to 2~ feet tall Its numerous leaves • lenerally hairy on tlae margiDs and usually flat • are Jess than Ji inch wide, up to 12 inches Joug 8Jld crowd to the base of the plant Its stems produce 2- or 3--forked terminal seed heads with flat, shiny· appearing spikelets. Babiagrass reproduces by seed and spreads vegativeJy by abort, srass heavy rhizomes. 18. JOHNSONGRASS • Fora., Pest JohDsongrass is a waml-seasou, persistent pereDDial PUS'that grows from 3 to 6 feet tall and spreads by seed and extensive underground stems or rhizomes. Its wide leaves (up to 3/4 inch), have a thickened, light- colored·mid-vein. Because of its extensive rhizomes and aggressive spreading habit it becomes a troublesome noxious weed in cultivated crops. Johnsongrass is used for pasture and hay and produces palatable forage if properly managed. 19. PEARL MILLET • Edible Graba, Feed Gratll, Forage Pearl millet is an annual WanD""eason grass which usually ranges from 5 to 10 feet or highe.. The stems are about one inch thick and the leaf bladlOilS are flat and up to 3 feet in length and 2 to 3 inches wide. The head of pearl millet is a dense panicle that is usually from 8 to 18 inches long and about 1 inch thick. Pearl millet is grown on a very limited acreage in Louisiana. It is used quite extensively as a food crop for wildlife. 10. . ALFALFA • Forage Alfalfa is a deep·rooted, herbaceous, cool"season, perennial legume that grows to a height of 2 to 3 feet. The leaves crowd the upper portion of the tbin, erect stems. The purple or yellow flowers are borne in loose clusters at the ends of branches. The seed pods. coiled in one to two turns, contain several small kidney-shaped seeds. .. 21. WHITE CLOVER .. Forage White clover is a shallow-rooted perennial cool-season legume of many different forms. Its solid, creeping stems - up to 15 inches long· root at the joints or nodes where they touch the soil. The leaves which may vary widely in size and shape, develop form the crown and at the joints of the stems.. Flower beads, composed of from 20 to 40 individual white to pink-white florets, are borne on Jong stalks. 22. RED CLOVER • Forage Red clover. an upright leafy legume,is the most widely grown of all true clovers. It is a sbort..)ived percnDial with numerous, thicks bairy stems arising from a crown. Its large velvety leaves are softly, hairy beneath and usually but not always marked above with a characteristic light-eolor spot. Red clover has a deep taproot with numerous side branches. The large colorful, egg-shaped, rose, purple or red flower beads are borne on individual seed stems. It is a eool-season legume. -~. "-~~===-"". ===== --,,~~'-- -----~" p "-----"~" --- 5'-----" ---""----.~ --- - --~-- -- ---~---.-- 32 23. SUB'l'ERRA.NEANCLOVER .. Forage Subterranean clover is a cooJ-season. annuallegumc with slender, creeping stems 2 to 4 feet long. It. pOD this unique Dame because some of its I'ipeDiDJ seed beads tum downward aDd push Into the soiL In ,enual appearance. this IcJWDe Is much like large white clover, but has pubescent leaves. Its dusters of white 10 piDJc:ish wlDte flowers are home on the 1ermiDaJs of weak. c:JroophIJ stalks. 24. CRIMSON aDVER • Forqe Crimson clover is aD upriJht, hairy, cool-season ammallegume wbicb arows to a height of 1 to 3 feet. Its mrmerous baby Items branch from the base or crown. The leaves - composed of 3 leaflets • are broadly oval at the tip. D8ITO\V at the base aDd deDsely covered with hair. Each stem is terminated by • spike or eyUndrical. Joug pointed flower head composed of 75 to 125 florets. The cr.Imson-colored florets opcn In suecesslon from the bottom to the top of the flowedDs head. The seeds form and the plant elies durlDa the summer. 25. BERSEEM CLOVER • Forage Berseem dover is an upright growina cool-season. annual, legume with obloDS leaflets and hollow stems and produces self-sterile, yellowish white florets. Berseem produces sbon taproots. The plant will obtain. beights of 15 to 20 inches. 26. HAIRY VETCH • Fonp Hairy vetch is a cooJ-season, annuallegumc. It displays slender, somewhat weak stems. Leaves are pinnately compound and terminate in tendrilS (slcnder thread-like structures). The plant is pubescent (hairy) from wbich it derives itsnamc. Thc flowers are lavender to purple and arranged in a raceme. Pods are eloDJated with 3 to 8 seeds. Seeds are spherical, dull black. variable in size (though smaller than soybeans). 27. SINGLETARY PEA • Forap Singletary pea is a weakS1emmed, re-seeding annual cool-season leaume with vines up to 3 feet in length. The plant is similar in appearance to the prden' sweetpea; the leaves have one pair of long. narrow leaflets and terminate with a coiled tendriL Its lavendcr flowers are usually borne in pairS 011 eacbflower stalk. The seed pods ueroush and cOvored with radler coarse, stiff hairs.. 28. ARitoWLEAF CLOVER • Forale ArTowleaf dover makes its early season JI'OWlh from a leafy rosette, later producing braDching stems that c:urve upward to a length of 2 to S feeL The smooth, thick, hollow stems are often red or purple. becoming bard near maturilJ. The leaflets arc arrow-sbapeel from 1~ to S Inches in lensth with pronounced veins. Flower heads can be larJe and made up of up to 170 individual florets.F1owetS are white but can turn pink or even,purple. It is a cool-season. llDDUalleaumc. 33 29. COMMON LESPEDEZA • Forage Common lespedeza is a slender. much-branched. leafy, warm-season annua11egume which grows to a height of 4 to 24 inches. ThIs species sets its seeds in the leafaxils along the fine stems. It has two types of flowers - showy pale purple to bluish ones, and the small, more numerous ones inconspicuous because they lack petals. 30. ALYCECLOVER • Forage Alyceclover is an erect or spreading annual or perennial plant up to S feet tall. Stems arc thin. with leaves of ODe to three leaflets. Flowers are pink to orangisb in color and arranged in ax1'Uary or terminal racemes. Pods are Y.z to 1 inch long with 4 to 7 joints. It is a warm-season legume. ii