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Questions • semilunar valve cusps look like half moons • artery lining is simple squamous endothelial cells (a kind of epithelium) • antibiotics can cause a fever • immunosuppressive drugs (for organ transplants, skin grafts) often need to be taken for life • WBC response time? think of how long it takes one to be allergic when in presence of allergen Chapter 13: The Respiratory System General Functions • Provide an area for gas exchange between the air and blood • Move air in and out of the exchange surfaces • Protect the system from infection and environmental changes • Produce sound • Produce olfactory sensations Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System • Note: – nasal conchae – sinuses – pharynx – larynx Larynx Trachea Trachea • cilia • mucus secreting goblet cells • what is the function of cilia? Bronchi Lungs Lungs • lobed • 2 pleural serosa or layers – visceral or pulmonary pleura – parietal pleura – pleural membranes produce fluid to lubricate Thoracic Cavity Bronchi change as they travel into lungs • bronchioles are smallest conducting pathways Bronchioles lead to alveoli Alveoli are air sacs • alveol = small cavity • only site of gas exchange Alveoli • walls are mostly single squamous epithelium • external surface covered with cobweb of pulmonary capillaries Respiratory Membrane • alveolar and capillary walls fuse at the basement membranes • gas flowing on one side • blood flowing on the other Respiratory Membrane • simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide Alveoli • cuboidal cells produce surfactant • surfactant – coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces to prevent collapse in newborns • macrophages wander alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and debris Respiratory Physiology • External respiration: exchange of gases with body’s interstitial fluids and the environment • Internal respiration: the absorption of gases by cells