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Plant Diversity Chapter 22 What is a Plant? Plants are the base for the food chain on land. Provide shade, shelter and oxygen Evolved more than 470 million years ago Multicellular, Eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b Most are autotrophs; few parasites + saprobes Ex. Trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses and ferns Life Cycle Haploid (N)-Gametophyte; gamete-producing Diploid (2N)-Sporophyte; spore-producing Produce a new individual by mitosis All plants have both phases, but in different forms Can reproduce independently of water Some also reproduce asexually (vegetative) Generalized Plant Life Cycle Section 22-1 Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (N) Sperm (N) Eggs (N) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: Plant Survival Sunlight Water and Minerals Movement of Water/Nutrients Taken up through the roots Make food in their leaves Water and nutrients carried upward through tissue from soil Gas Exchange Early Plants Evolved from multicellular green algae First plants were dependent on water Similar to today’s mosses in structure and growth close to the ground Evolved different adaptations for terrestrial environments Section 22-1 Cladogram of Plant Groups Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Go to Section: Overview of the Plant Kingdom Divided into four groups based on waterconducting tissues, seeds and flowers Reproductive structures and body plan are also considered Compare DNA sequences of various species Deep Green (1994)-Evidence that first plants evolved from green algae that lived in fresh water The Diversity of Plants Section 22-1 Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species Go to Section: Flowering plants 235,000 species Bryophytes Nonvascular plants 1) Mosses (in swamps) Can live in harsh environments Rhizoid-long, thin cells absorb water and minerals and anchor them to the ground 2) Liverworts and 3) hornworts Use osmosis to draw up water Water needed for reproduction Act as natural sponge and form peat moss Bryophytes Mosses Liverworts http://www.ghettodriveby.com/hornworts/ Hornworts Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular tissue-Specialized to conduct water and nutrients thought he body of the plant Xylem-form of vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant Phloem-transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates from photosynthesis Tree rings in the lower trunk indicate the tree age Formed by cell division in thin layers inside bark Width of the bands indicate environmental conditions for each year (Ex. Drought conditions) Ferns Evolved 350 million years ago Roots-Underground organs to absorb water and minerals with water-conducting tissue Leaves-Photosynthetic organ that contain bundles of vascular tissue Veins-Made of xylem and phloem Stems-Connect roots and leaves Seed Plants Gymnosperms-Seeds on cone surfaces Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgoes and gnetophytes Angiosperms-Flowering plants with seeds in tissue layers Flowers or cones transfer sperm by pollination and protect embryos in seeds Life cycle alternates between gametophytes and sporophyte Section 22-4 The Structure of a Seed Seed coat Seed Embryo B Stored food supply A Go to Section: Reproduction without Water Cones-sporophyte structures which are seeding bearing for gymnosperms Flowers-Seed-bearing structure of angiosperms Pollen Grains-Contain male gametophytes Seeds-Embryo of seed plant with seed coat and food supply Eaten and dispersed by animals or stick to their fur Fossils from 30 million years ago A Bee With Pollen On It’s Leg Gymnosperms 1) Cone Bearers / “naked seed” Gnetophytes: a) Ex. Welwitschia-Namibian desert with large, leathery leaves; spread across the ground 2) Cycads- (Cycadophyta): a) Palm-link plants with large cones b) Appeared during Triassic Period (225 million years ago) c) Grow in tropical and subtropical places Welwitschia mirabilis, a Gnetophyte. And Zamia pseudoparasitica, a Cycad. http://www.conifers.org/pinophyta.htm Gymnosperms Ginkgoes-Only Ginkgo biloba currently exists Conifers-(Coniferophyta) One of the oldest seed plant species alive today Cultivated in China and planted around temples Often planted in urban settings in U.S. due to resistance to air pollution Ex. Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods Long, thin leaves (Ex. Pine needles)-reduces surface area, waxy layer Most are “evergreens” with cycling of needles Ginkgo and Pseudotsuga menziesii, a Conifer. http://www.conifers.org/pinophyta.htm Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta “enclosed seed” Cretaceous Period (135 million years ago) arrival Dominate Earth’s plant life Reproduce with flowers or fruits Ovary develops into fruits to protect seed and for dispersal Fruit-thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed Seed Dispersal By Wind And General Flower Structure http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/plants/plpix5.htm Monocots and Dicots Cotyledons-Seed leaves in the plant embryo Monocots-One seed leaf, parallel veins, multiples of 3 floral parts, vascular bundles scattered and fibrous roots Dicots-Two seed leaves, branched veins, multiples of 4 or 5 floral parts, vascular bundles in a ring and a taproot Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Section 22-5 Monocots Go to Section: Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot Monocots and Dicots http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.html Diversity of Angiosperms Wood plants made of cells with thick cell walls (Trees, shrubs and vines) (Ex. Grapes and Ivy vines) (Ex. Blueberries and rose bushes) Herbaceous plants-No wood production as they grow (Ex. Dandelions, zinnias, sunflowers and petunias) Rose Bush, Grape Vine, Zinnias and Petunias http://www.flowers.vg/flowers/petunia01.htm Diversity of Angiosperms Annuals-Complete a life-cycle within one growing season Biennials-Complete their life cycle in 2 years (Ex. Marigolds, petunias, pansies, zinnias, wheat and cucumbers) Year 1-germinate and grow roots & very short stems Year 2-Grow new stems and leaves and produce flowers and seeds (Ex. Primrose, parsley, celery) Perennials-Live for more than 2 years (Ex. Asparagus, grasses-herbaceous stems) (Ex. Maple trees-wood stem) Primrose, Marigolds, Ornamental Grasses http://landscaping.about.com/cs/designexamples1/l/bllandscaping10.htm