Download Chapter 29 Plant Tissue Overview of Plant Body Although no one

Chapter 29 Plant Tissue
Overview of Plant Body
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Although no one species of the __________________species of plants can be considered
typical, the focus here is on angiosperms
Roots and Shoots
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Shoots :
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_______________________, and organic substances are transported
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__________________ are frameworks for upright growth and to display flowers
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Parts of the system store ___________________.
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Root system:
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Root store _____________________
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__________________ and support the plant
Three plant tissue system
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Ground Tissue:
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Vascular tissue system:
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Dermal Tissue system:
Where do Plant tissue originate?
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Meristems :
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Two kinds of meristems
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1- Apical meristems:
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Lateral meristem:
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______________________ and _________________________ are two kinds of lateral
meristems
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These are responsible for ____________________ which adds to wood parts of the trees.
Types of plant tissue
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Simple Tissues:
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1-_________________ makes up most of the soft, moist primary growth of plants
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Thin walled pliable cells stay alive and retain the capacity to divide
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Various types of participate in photosynthesis (________________), storage, secretion, and
other tasks.
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2. _____________________: cells are thickened and help strengthen the palnt (e.g. strings of
celery)
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It commonly arranged at strands or cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and stalks
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The primary cells walls of collenchyma become thickened with cellulose and pectin at maturity.
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3. ________________________: cells provide mechanical support and protection for mature
plants
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Secondary walls are thick and often impregnated with lignin, which strengths and waterproofs
the cell walls
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Form fibers such as _______________ and ___________________
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_________________________ form strong coats around seeds as in a peach pit
Complex Tissue
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____________________________ function in the distribution of substances throughout the
plant
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______________________ uses two kinds of cells (dead at maturity) to conduct water and
minerals absorbed from the soil
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________________________: are shorter cells joined end to end to form a vessel with
perforation plates at the end of each member
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______________________ are long cells with tapered, overlapping ends
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Phloem:
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Phloem contains living conducting cells called ______________________ members which bear
clusters of pores in the walls through which the cytoplasm of adjacent cells is connected
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_______________________________: adjacent to the sieve tubes members, help to load sugars
produced in leaves and unload them in storage and growth regions
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Dermal Tissue System:
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___________________________ covers the external surfaces of the plant to restrict water loss
and resist microbial attack.
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_____________________ openings between pairs of guard cells permit water and gaseous
exchange with the air
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______________________ replaces the epidermis when roots and stems increase in diameter
and become woody.
Monocots and Dicots
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Through the rest of chapter we will be talking about monocots and dicots
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Moncots have ________________________ (seed leaf) and Dicots have
_________________________ (seed leaf)
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Common monocots include:
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Common dicots include:
Primary Struture of Shoots
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Leaves develop from _______________________ along the _____________________ of stems
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A node
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Internode
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Buds develop in the _____________________(the upper angle where leaves attach to the stem)
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A bud is underdeveloped shoot of mostly ______________________ tissue covered by modified
leaves (bud scales)
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____________________ give rise to stems, leaves, and flowers
Internal Structure of Stems
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A ___________________ is a multistranded cord of primary ___________________________
running lengthwise through the ground tissue of shoots.
Similarities and Differences Among Leaves
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Leaves are _____________________________ equipped with photosynthetic cells.
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____________________________ drop their leaves as winter approaches
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________________________ retain their leaves
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Leaves vary enormously in shape, size, texture, and surface features.
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Monocots leaves tend to have a flat surface – like a knife blade, the base of which encircles and
sheaths the stems
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Dicots leaves have ________________________ attached by a ______________ to the stem;
the blade may be lobed or composed of leaflets
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Simple leaves:
o
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Compound leaves:
o
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Oak
Locust
______________________ represent a large surface area that is exposed to sunlight and carbon
dioxide
Leaf Fine Structure
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Epidermis :
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A ________________________ layer minimizes water loss.
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________________________ are located mostly on the lower epidermis
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Mesophyll consisting of photosynthetic parenchyma cells extends throughout the interior of the
leaf
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Air spaces, which connect to the stomata, participate in ____________________________
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____________________ cells lies closer to the epidermis and are columnar in shape compared
to the ________________________ below them
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Leaf veins are vascular bundles of ______________________ that form a network for
movement of water , solutes, and photosynthetic products
Primary Structure of Roots
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Taproots and Fibrous Root Systems
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In most _____________________, the primary root emerges from the seedling, increases in
diameter, and grows downward.
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_________________________ emerge sideways along its length
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Primary root plus lateral roots form from the _____________________ system
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Monocots: the taproot is replaced by ________________________that arise from the stem
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The roots and their branching form a _________________________ system
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Fibrous roots do not _____________________ as deeply.
Internal Structure of Roots
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Cells in the apical meristem divide and then differentiate into
________________________________________________behind the meristematic region
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The ______________________ protects the apical meristem and pushes through the soil
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____________________ are torn loose as the root grows
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________________________ gives rise to the root epidermis with its extensions called
_______________________for the outer absorptive interface with the environment
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______________________________ form a vascular cylinder arranged as a central column
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The column is surrounded by _________________ (ground tissue), which has abundant air
spaces
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The ____________________________- the innermost layer of the cortex –surrounds the
vascular cylinder and helps control water movement into it
Woody and nonwoody plants
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Seasonal growth cycles proceed from _______________________, to _____________________
to death.
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Annuals:
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Biennials :
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Perennials:
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Woody plants such as dicots and gymnosperms show secondary growth by producing large
amounts of ________________________________
Vascular Cambium
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Vascular Cambium:
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It produces a secondary xylem on its inner face and _______________________ on its outer.
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The secondary growth displace the cells of the ____________________________ toward the
stem surface
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Secondary xylem and phloem form at the vascular cambium of the ______________________
Formation of Bark
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In response to rupture of the ____________________ (by girth expansion), cork cambium
produces the periderm – a corky replacement of the epidermis
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Periderm and secondary pholoem constitute of __________________
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Periderm consist of:
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________________________ are small channels through the corky surface of bark that allow for
exchange of gases
Heartwood and Sapwood
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_________________________lies at the center of older stems and roots.
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It depository for :
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It makes tree strong and able to ________________________________
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______________________ is secondary growth located between heartwood and the vascular
cambium
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___________________, pale in color and is not strong
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Rich in the sugar-rich fluid of the _______________________
Early Wood, Late Wood, and Tree Rings
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In regions with cool winters or dry spells, the ____________________________ is inactive
during part of the year
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______________________ (start of the growing season) contains xylem with large diameters
and thin walls
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________________________ contains xylem with small diameter and thick walls
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_________________________ appear as alternating light bands or early wood and dark bands
of late wood
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Hardwood: (OAK)
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Softwood (CONIFERS)
Limits on Secondary Growth
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Some trees live in habitats too harsh and remote for most ______________________
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Most trees use a strategy of ____________________________ to wall off invaders, building a
fortress of thickened cells walls around wounds or deploying
______________________________________
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