* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 29 Plant Tissue Overview of Plant Body Although no one
Survey
Document related concepts
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 29 Plant Tissue Overview of Plant Body Although no one species of the __________________species of plants can be considered typical, the focus here is on angiosperms Roots and Shoots Shoots : _______________________, and organic substances are transported __________________ are frameworks for upright growth and to display flowers Parts of the system store ___________________. Root system: Root store _____________________ __________________ and support the plant Three plant tissue system Ground Tissue: Vascular tissue system: Dermal Tissue system: Where do Plant tissue originate? Meristems : Two kinds of meristems 1- Apical meristems: Lateral meristem: ______________________ and _________________________ are two kinds of lateral meristems These are responsible for ____________________ which adds to wood parts of the trees. Types of plant tissue Simple Tissues: 1-_________________ makes up most of the soft, moist primary growth of plants Thin walled pliable cells stay alive and retain the capacity to divide Various types of participate in photosynthesis (________________), storage, secretion, and other tasks. 2. _____________________: cells are thickened and help strengthen the palnt (e.g. strings of celery) It commonly arranged at strands or cylinders beneath the dermal tissue of stems and stalks The primary cells walls of collenchyma become thickened with cellulose and pectin at maturity. 3. ________________________: cells provide mechanical support and protection for mature plants Secondary walls are thick and often impregnated with lignin, which strengths and waterproofs the cell walls Form fibers such as _______________ and ___________________ _________________________ form strong coats around seeds as in a peach pit Complex Tissue ____________________________ function in the distribution of substances throughout the plant ______________________ uses two kinds of cells (dead at maturity) to conduct water and minerals absorbed from the soil ________________________: are shorter cells joined end to end to form a vessel with perforation plates at the end of each member ______________________ are long cells with tapered, overlapping ends Phloem: Phloem contains living conducting cells called ______________________ members which bear clusters of pores in the walls through which the cytoplasm of adjacent cells is connected _______________________________: adjacent to the sieve tubes members, help to load sugars produced in leaves and unload them in storage and growth regions Dermal Tissue System: ___________________________ covers the external surfaces of the plant to restrict water loss and resist microbial attack. _____________________ openings between pairs of guard cells permit water and gaseous exchange with the air ______________________ replaces the epidermis when roots and stems increase in diameter and become woody. Monocots and Dicots Through the rest of chapter we will be talking about monocots and dicots Moncots have ________________________ (seed leaf) and Dicots have _________________________ (seed leaf) Common monocots include: Common dicots include: Primary Struture of Shoots Leaves develop from _______________________ along the _____________________ of stems A node Internode Buds develop in the _____________________(the upper angle where leaves attach to the stem) A bud is underdeveloped shoot of mostly ______________________ tissue covered by modified leaves (bud scales) ____________________ give rise to stems, leaves, and flowers Internal Structure of Stems A ___________________ is a multistranded cord of primary ___________________________ running lengthwise through the ground tissue of shoots. Similarities and Differences Among Leaves Leaves are _____________________________ equipped with photosynthetic cells. ____________________________ drop their leaves as winter approaches ________________________ retain their leaves Leaves vary enormously in shape, size, texture, and surface features. Monocots leaves tend to have a flat surface – like a knife blade, the base of which encircles and sheaths the stems Dicots leaves have ________________________ attached by a ______________ to the stem; the blade may be lobed or composed of leaflets Simple leaves: o Compound leaves: o Oak Locust ______________________ represent a large surface area that is exposed to sunlight and carbon dioxide Leaf Fine Structure Epidermis : A ________________________ layer minimizes water loss. ________________________ are located mostly on the lower epidermis Mesophyll consisting of photosynthetic parenchyma cells extends throughout the interior of the leaf Air spaces, which connect to the stomata, participate in ____________________________ ____________________ cells lies closer to the epidermis and are columnar in shape compared to the ________________________ below them Leaf veins are vascular bundles of ______________________ that form a network for movement of water , solutes, and photosynthetic products Primary Structure of Roots Taproots and Fibrous Root Systems In most _____________________, the primary root emerges from the seedling, increases in diameter, and grows downward. _________________________ emerge sideways along its length Primary root plus lateral roots form from the _____________________ system Monocots: the taproot is replaced by ________________________that arise from the stem The roots and their branching form a _________________________ system Fibrous roots do not _____________________ as deeply. Internal Structure of Roots Cells in the apical meristem divide and then differentiate into ________________________________________________behind the meristematic region The ______________________ protects the apical meristem and pushes through the soil ____________________ are torn loose as the root grows ________________________ gives rise to the root epidermis with its extensions called _______________________for the outer absorptive interface with the environment ______________________________ form a vascular cylinder arranged as a central column The column is surrounded by _________________ (ground tissue), which has abundant air spaces The ____________________________- the innermost layer of the cortex –surrounds the vascular cylinder and helps control water movement into it Woody and nonwoody plants Seasonal growth cycles proceed from _______________________, to _____________________ to death. Annuals: Biennials : Perennials: Woody plants such as dicots and gymnosperms show secondary growth by producing large amounts of ________________________________ Vascular Cambium Vascular Cambium: It produces a secondary xylem on its inner face and _______________________ on its outer. The secondary growth displace the cells of the ____________________________ toward the stem surface Secondary xylem and phloem form at the vascular cambium of the ______________________ Formation of Bark In response to rupture of the ____________________ (by girth expansion), cork cambium produces the periderm – a corky replacement of the epidermis Periderm and secondary pholoem constitute of __________________ Periderm consist of: ________________________ are small channels through the corky surface of bark that allow for exchange of gases Heartwood and Sapwood _________________________lies at the center of older stems and roots. It depository for : It makes tree strong and able to ________________________________ ______________________ is secondary growth located between heartwood and the vascular cambium ___________________, pale in color and is not strong Rich in the sugar-rich fluid of the _______________________ Early Wood, Late Wood, and Tree Rings In regions with cool winters or dry spells, the ____________________________ is inactive during part of the year ______________________ (start of the growing season) contains xylem with large diameters and thin walls ________________________ contains xylem with small diameter and thick walls _________________________ appear as alternating light bands or early wood and dark bands of late wood Hardwood: (OAK) Softwood (CONIFERS) Limits on Secondary Growth Some trees live in habitats too harsh and remote for most ______________________ Most trees use a strategy of ____________________________ to wall off invaders, building a fortress of thickened cells walls around wounds or deploying ______________________________________