Download Reading Guide 02 - Micro_Ch13_Epidemiology

Biology 100 – Winter 2013
Reading Guide 02
Reading: Chapter 13 (Epidemiology and Disease) in Microbiology Demystified
Directions: Fill out the reading guide as you read. Again, the reading guide is designed to help you take
notes from your reading. Along the way, I will ask you some Critical Thinking questions that are
designed to help stimulate your thinking as to how the concepts and vocabulary from the book can be
used to help explain our Essential Question.
As you read, keep our Essential Question in mind:
How is this information helping me to explain how an epidemic can get started?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1) What will you learn in this chapter?
___________
2) Go to page 2 of your book. Write down the definition of “microorganism”:
___________
Go back to Ch 13: What Is Epidemiology? Page 208
3) What is “the most common way germs are transferred among family members, friends, and strangers”?
4) What is their definition of “epidemiology”?
5) What is an epidemiologist?
6) What is “etiology” and why are epidemiologists concerned with it?
Critical Thinking 1: What is the etiology of whooping cough?
Critical Thinking 2: How do epidemiologists use this information to prevent and control outbreaks of
whooping cough?
7) What two branches of biology is epidemiology considered a part of and why?
8) Write down the definitions from the book for the following terms:
a. Incidence rate
b. Prevalence
c. Morbidity rate (and how it is expressed)
d. Mortality rate (and how it is expressed)
Critical Thinking 3: Can you use one of the terms in question 8) to describe the graph at the back of this
reading guide (this is the same graph that we looked at in class)? How?
Classification of Disease
9) Write down the definitions of the following disease classifications:
a. Endemic disease
i. Example:
b. Sporadic disease
c. Epidemic disease
d. Pandemic disease
i. Examples:
Critical Thinking 4: Can you use some of the terms in question 9) to describe the graph at the back of this
reading guide (this is the same graph that we looked at in class)? How?
10) What is immunity?
11) What is virulence?
Infection Sites
12) What are “reservoirs of infection?”
a. Examples:
Critical Thinking 5: What do you think the reservoir of infection for whooping cough is? Why do you
think that? What evidence from an earlier homework assignment can you give to support your answer?
Critical Thinking 6: Search the CDC website (www.cdc.gov) for “pertussis reservoir”. Scan the first 10
results without clicking on them. What information did you find about the pertussis reservoir?
13) Define the following terms:
a. Incubation period
b. Symptomatic
c. Asymptomatic
i. Subclinical findings
ii. Disease carriers
1. Describe the different types of disease carriers but do not worry about knowing
the specific names of these types:
14) If a human can give another human an infectious microorganism, then humans are considered a “human
reservoir” for that microorganism.
a. Describe what an animal reservoir is:
i. Examples:
b. What is a “zoonosis”? (Want to hear how this word is pronounced? Try going to
http://dictionary.reference.com/ and type the word into their search bar. Then click on the little
audio speaker symbol to hear the word.)
i. Examples:
c. Describe what a nonliving reservoir is:
i. Examples:
Disease Transmission
15) Describe “how diseases are spread and new cases of infection occur.”
16) Contact Transmission
a. What is direct contact transmission?
i. Examples:
b. What is indirect contact transmission?
i. Examples:
c. What is droplet transmission?
i. Examples:
17) Vehicle Transmission is where microorganisms that cause disease (pathogens) catch a ride on other
things in the environment to spread disease.
a. Describe how airborne pathogens can be transmitted:
i. Examples:
b. Describe how waterborne microorganisms can be transmitted:
i. What is fecal-oral transmission?
ii. Examples:
c. Describe how food-borne pathogens can be transmitted:
i. Examples:
18) Vector Transmission
a. What is vector spread?
b. What are some examples of vectors?
i. There are two different types of vectors. Don’t worry about the names of the two
different types, but do describe how disease can be transmitted by these two types of
vectors:
1. Examples:
19) Page 214: “The transmission of disease by carriers causes epidemiologic problems….” Why?
Critical Thinking 7: Go to http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pert.html#epi for information
about the epidemiology of pertussis on the CDC website. How is pertussis transmitted?
The Development of Disease
20) Page 215 What must happen “in order for a pathogen to infect a host”?
21) What is “resistance” and what happens when a person’s resistance is low?
22) What are the “primary defense mechanisms of the body for resistance”?
23) Briefly describe the development of a disease process once a microorganism has penetrated the body’s
primary defense mechanisms:
Epidemiologic Studies
24) Describe the work of John Snow in 1855:
Control of Communicable Diseases
25) Describe the four different methods of controlling communicable disease:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nosocomial Infections
26) What is a nosocomial infection?
27) What are the CDC estimates of the occurrence of nosocomial infections?
Who Is Susceptible?
28) Who is more highly susceptible to a nosocomial infection?
Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections
29) What does “accredited” mean? Look it up in your favorite dictionary.
30) What must happen for a hospital to be accredited?
Public Health Organizations
31) Where have public health agencies been created?
32) What does CDC stand for?
33) What is the CDC and what is it responsible for?
Critical Thinking 8: How can this information help us to explain how an epidemic can get started?
Critical Thinking 9: What other questions do you still have?