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Class Business Tomorrow is lab day. Come prepared. Next week Tuesday(10/6) we will have our first quiz October 21th (Wednesday) we will have our first Exam. By next week; form groups of four for your poster project. Themes for poster project 1. DNA and inheritance 2. Gene therapy 3. Vaccines 4. Biology of Cancer 5. Biology and Forensics 6. Ecosystem 7. Evolution Chemical Bonds Two or more elements can combine to form molecules. They are held together by chemical bonds. Outer shell has 1 electron Na Sodium atom The outer electron is stripped from sodium and completes the chlorine atom’s outer shell Outer shell has 7 electrons Cl Chlorine atom Complete outer shells Na Sodium ion Cl Chlorine ion The attraction between the ions—an ionic bond—holds them together Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1 Chemical Bonds Outer shell has 1 electron The outer electron is stripped from sodium and completes the chlorine atom’s outer shell Na Sodium atom Outer shell has 7 electrons Cl Chlorine atom Complete outer shells Na Sodium ion Cl Chlorine ion The attraction between the ions—an ionic bond—holds them together Sodium chloride (NaCl) Ionic Bonds : a chemical bond between charged elements Covalent Bonds: a chemical bond between atoms sharing electrons Hydrogen Bonds: is an attraction between two polar molecuels Covalent Bonds A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. Oxygen O Atomic number = 8 Hydrogen H Atomic number = 1 Water Atoms held together by covalent bonds form a molecule. The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell. 2 Covalent Bonds single bonds: = bond between atoms share one pair of e- double bonds= bonds between atoms sharing two pairs of e- triple covalent bond: bonds between atoms sharing three pairs of e-. In covalent bonds, electrons are not always shared equally Non-Polar molecule Polar molecule slightly slightly H H O CH4 (methane) slightly – H2O (water) 3 Polar molecules form Hydrogen Bond Water is a compound in which the electrons in its covalent bonds are shared unequally. Hydrogen bond What makes water uniquely important for life? The polarity of water molecules and the hydrogen bonding that results explain most of water’s life-supporting properties. Water molecules stick together. Water molecules stick to other polar molecules Water has a strong resistance to change in temperature. Frozen water floats. Water is a common solvent for life. 4 Properties of Water Cohesion: is the attraction between molecules of water. Adhesion is the attraction of water to the molecules of the container or tube it is in. High specific heat capacity is the capacity to hold energy Properties of Water Ice Floating. When cold, water molecules move apart, forming ICE. If ice did not float, ponds, lakes, and even the oceans would freeze solid. Per unit volume, liquid water holds more molecules than ICE Water is the universal solvent. The dissolving agent is the solvent. The dissolved substance is the solute. When a solute is dissolved with water it is called Aqueous Solution 5 Work in groups For the following atoms: 1. Draw the planetary atomic representation 3. Form compounds by combining elements 2. 4. Indicate valence electrons Discuss the type of bond Hydrogen, Helium, Sodium, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Lithium, Florine, Chlorine, Magnesium Solution pH, Acids and Bases In biology, solution pH play important role Acidic solutions release H+ to solution. The compound is an acid. Basic solutions accept H+. The compound is a base. Solutions that resist changes in hydrogen concentration are called Buffers. Buffers Accept H+ ions when they are in excess Donate H+ ions when they are depleted Increases in global CO2 concentrations may lead to the acidification of the oceans. To describe the acidity of a solution, chemists use the pH scale. 6 The pH Scale The pH scale is used to measure the solution acidic or basic property The pH scale range from 0-14 with 7 being neutral. pH is the concentration of Hydrogen ions in logarithmic scale. pH of water is 7 (neutral) Why? Chapter Summary An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances Elements are arranged in a periodic table Living things are made of four main elements Trace elements are important for physiology Atoms are the smallest unit of an element Atomic substructures are protons, neutrons, and electrons Some elements exist in different forms called isotopes Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds, 2. Covalent Bonds, 3. Hydrogen Bonds Compounds could be acidic, neutral or basic pH pH is the logarithmic concentration of H-ions. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 Water is neutral pH 7 Isotopes Elements with differing neutrons and protons are called isotopes Few examples of Nitrogen and Carbon isotopes Element Isotope Neutrons Protons Nitrogen (N2) 15N 8 7 Nitrogen (N2)* Carbon (C)* 12C Carbon (C) 14C Carbon (C) *= 14N 13C 7 6 7 8 most abundant isotope form of the element 7 6 6 6 http://www.radiolab.org/story/elements/ Home work Isotope forms of elements are important in science and medicine Look for application of isotope form of an element used in science and medicine Describe the kind of application Determine the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons Draw a planetary description of the isotopic element 8 Macro = large Mono = one Di = two Tri = three Poly = many Saccharide = Sugar Hydro = water Lysis = break Hydrogenation = adding hydrogen Hydration = Adding water Dehydration = removing water Phobic = fearing Philic = loving 9 Macromolecule: Hydrophilic Polymer Protein Peptide bond Amino acids Fold Primary Structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Amino Acid sequence Monomer Hydrolysis Dehydration Hydrogenation Chemical reaction Bond Ionic Covalent Hydrogen Single Double Triple Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharides Lipids Triglycerides Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Steroids Phospholipids Hydrophobic Nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid). Thymine Adenine Guanosine Cytosine Uracil DNA or RNA sequence Deoxyribose Ribose Functional group Hydroxyl Carboxyl Amino Do weight loss pills work??? What are carbs, fats and proteins? Are all body fat types bad? 10 Do weight loss pills work??? What are carbs, fat and proteins? Are all body fat types bad? If there was a magic pill obesity would not be at epidemic proportions in the US. Our body needs essential nutrients for growth, health and overall wellbeing. Understanding the various nutrient required for our body should be the bases in the fight against obesity A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mainly of carbon-based molecules. Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions. Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules. 11 Carbon can share electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This enables constructing an endless diversity of carbon skeletons varying in size and branching pattern. Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model 12 Macromolecules = -large molecule. -are organic molecules -are made up of elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur -are essential nutrients for the body. 13 Macromolecules = -large molecule. -are organic molecules -are made up of elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur -are essential nutrients for the body. The four main types of macromolecules? 1. Carbohydrates (sugars) 3. Proteins 2. 4. Lipids Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Macromolecules are polymers. Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers. A dehydration reaction Vs Hydrolysis links two monomers together Vs breaks a molecule. removes a molecule of water Vs Adds ionic elements of water (H+ and OH-) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Carbohydrates (Sugars) Organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugar. small sugar molecules in soft drinks and long starch molecules in spaghetti and bread. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) example = C6H12O6 glucose, Disaccharides (double sugars) example = sucrose and lactose Polysaccharides (complex sugars) example = starch, cellulose, and glycogen Simple sugars: monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars. Galactose C6H12O6 15 Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars. Disaccharides -Are double sugar constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. • Examples of disaccharides maltose in beer, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy, and sucrose in table sugar. 16 Polysaccharides - are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of sugars— polymers of monosaccharides. Starch molecules Starch, cellulose and glycogen are formed from hundreds of glucose molecules joined to form a long chain Cellulose molecules in plants Glycogen granules in muscle tissue 1. Quick energy foods. (glucose) 2. Energy Storage Starch = Plants, glycogen = Animals 3. Cellular structures (cellulose-Plants and Bacteria) Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic (“water-loving”) molecules that dissolve readily in water. 17 The average American consumes about 45 kg of sugar (about 100 lb) per year, mainly as sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup. Sugar is a major cause of tooth decay and overconsumption and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Lipids are fats and oils made up of mainly Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen They are made up from glycerol and fatty acids (not made from monomers) Glycerol (head group) fatty acids (tail group) Lipids are hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) compounds composed of head group and tail groups. 18 Triglyceride - 3 Fatty Acids bonded to a Glycerol Steroids - The carbon skeleton has four fused rings. Phospholipids – A phosphate moiety linked to the glycerol head group Triglyceride – 3 Fatty Acids bonded to a Glycerol Unsaturated: -One or more fatty acid chains contain double bonded carbon chains -Liquid at room temperature -Found mostly in plants Saturated: -All fatty acids contain no double bond linked carbons -Solid at room temperature -Found mostly in animals. Hydrogenation: adds hydrogen, converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, makes liquid fats solid at room temperature, and creates trans fats, a type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health. 19 Key importance in cell membrane High Energy food Protects vital organs Insulates the body Stores food for later use Cellular signaling Not all fat is BAD -Made up of mainly Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur -Polymers of amino acid monomers, -Essential to Life -Build structure -Movement: Makes up muscle tissue -Immunity: Helps fight off foreign invaders -Transport: -Enzymes: Carries oxygen in an organism Speed up chemical reactions (example, hemoglobin). (example, antibodies). (example, Dehydrogenase). 20 All proteins are made by stringing together a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids. Every amino acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners. Side chains = R groups (20 different R groups) Hydrophobic side chain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Leucine Serine Hydrophilic side chain Linking Amino acids form peptide bonds. Linked amino Acids create long chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds. 21 Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Proper protein folding and structure are important for function Sickle cell anemia Mad cow disease 22 Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are polymers made from monomers called nucleotides, store information, and provide the instructions for building proteins. The monomer units are either: 1. 2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Monomeric DNA nucleotides adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), or 3. 4. cytosine (C). to form a double helix. 1. 2. A only pairs with T and Pyrimidines G can only pair with C. Purines Pyrimidines © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 There are many similarities between DNA and RNA. Both are polymers of nucleotides and both are made of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Thymine (T) Vs Uracil (U) DNA encode programmed instructions that must be translated from “nucleic acid language” to “protein language.” © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 24