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Why Talk about Alcohol? Lecture 14: Alcohol • Energy source • Interferes with metabolism • Interferes with nutrient absorption • Promotes health problems Nutrition 150 Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Alcohol is a term used by chemists to describe a type of molecule. Consuming Alcohol in Moderation • Proof = amount of alcohol in a serving 100 proof = 50% alcohol 80 proof = 40% alcohol • Serving size Glycerol is the alcohol used to make triglycerides. Ethanol is the alcohol in beer, wine, and distilled liquor. • In relation to your size 10 oz wine cooler 12oz beer 1 1/2 oz hard liquor (80 proof whiskey, gin, brandy, rum, vodka) 5 oz wine Each of these servings equals one drink. Digestion Absorption • 20% absorbed by walls of stomach • None necessary before absorption • Stomach has alcohol dehydrogenase – enzyme which facilitates the breakdown alcohol – Can reach brain within a minute, especially if stomach is empty • 10% NOT ABSOREBED – Breathed out or in urine • Rest of alcohol in body is absorbed by intestines – Alcohol is absorbed before most other nutrients Alcohol Metabolism Alcohol Metabolism • Liver works to clear alcohol from blood before blood goes to rest of body • Breaking down alcohol uses up lots of niacin and pantothenic acid (B vitamins) • Liver makes alcohol dehydrogenase which can digest alcohol • These vitamins can’t be used for other reactions such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain • Liver can process about 1/2oz of ethanol an hour • Processing of alcohol happens before processing of fatty acids, so they build up in the liver (causing a fatty liver) Alcohol Metabolism in Liver Fat (triglycerides) NAD+ NADH + H+ Alcohol (ethanol) Alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde Fatty acids NAD+ NADH + H+ Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Acetate Acetyl CoA CoA TCA Cycle NAD=niacin CoA=pantothenic acid • Excess Acetyl CoA gets made into fat Fatty Liver 1) Fatty acids are not processed by liver when it is metabolizing alcohol 2) Alcohol gets turned into fatty acids Fatty Liver • Liver does not function properly • Fat in liver interferes with distribution of oxygen and nutrients • Reversible with abstinence from alcohol • Can scar tissue (first leads to fibrosis, then cirrhosis) Alcohol and Proteins Alcohol alters amino acid and protein metabolism • Liver deaminates amino acids and used them to make fat or ketones • Leads to protein deficiency that will only stop when cease drinking alcohol • For example, leads to weakened immune system due to slower production of proteins of the immune system Alcohol and Blood Acidity • Hydrogen ions (which usually go into the electron transport chain) build up and make blood acidic • Low glucose levels leads to ketosis (makes blood more acidic) • Lots of used niacin molecules promotes production of lactic acid, again making blood more acidic Alcohol and Nutrients • Energy content: 7kcal/g • Heavy drinkers often get calories from alcohol instead of food – Why is this a problem? • Alcoholics tend to have poor diets Alcohol and Folate Alcohol Induced Deficiencies • Minerals – Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron • Vitamins – B Vitamins: folate, thiamine and B6 – Fat-soluble vitamins: A, C, D, E, K Other effects of Alcohol • Acts as a diuretic – Causes loss of water and electrolytes • Alcoholism leads to folate deficiency – Liver loses ability to retain folate – Kidney increases excretion of folate – Folate deficiency impairs functioning of digestive system • Makes it harder to absorb folate from diet – Is linked to heart disease and promotes colorectal cancer Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain 1) Frontal lobe: Alcohol interferes with judgment and reasoning Numbered in order of occurrence • Beer increases gastric acid secretion – Higher risk of ulcers • Effects on brain put one at higher risk for injuring self and others 3) Pons, Medulla oblongata: Alcohol affects voluntary muscle control and coordination. 2) Midbrain: Alcohol impairs speech and vision 4) Cerebellum: Alcohol affects respiration, heart rate, and consciousness. Great information on: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Table H7-1 Page 245 http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ Check out Alcohol Alerts Table H7-2 Page 245 Table H7-3 Page 246 Table H7-6 Page 248