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6/5/2014 What is it? GIBBERELLINS Gibberellin is a plant hormone that regulates the growth in plants. ● It increase the size of plant more than its normal Also the chemical secreted that causes elongation ● Has the ability to break dormancy in seeds and delay aging in flowers and fruits Structure ● Are diterpenoid acids derived from tetracyclic diterpenoids know as Kaurene. ● The basic carbon skeleton is Gibbane ring ● GA produced in the plastids and eventually transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum to me modified and used. ● By Dilibe, Amy T. and Rebecca What is it? Scientist Ewiti Kurosawa What is it? ● discovered that a fungal plant pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi caused this “foolish seedling disease” (bakanae). ● by 1930, japanese scientist discovered that the fungus caused hyper elongation of the of rice stems by secreting a chemical. Gibberella fujikuroi ● a fungal plant pathogen. ● It caused the Bakanae disease in rice seedling, by overloading them with the phytohormone gibberellin. ● became additional byproduct. ● the metabolism of which produces a surplus of gibberellic acid 1950’s and beyond ● ● the name was given then to gibberellin because of the fungi gibberellin more than 100 different types of gibberellin were discovered. Gibberellin location What is it? Where are they found? ● Mostly found in plant roots and the young leaves. ● Are synthesized in the root and stem apical meristem, young leave and the seed embryo. ● Canopy - upper layer or habitat zone Primarily synthesized at site of action: ● Actively growing and elongating areas o high expression: ● young leaf, stem, and flower o lower expression: ● roots (root tips show high expression, but overall root is low) Figure: expression of gibberellin (GA)-related genes in various plant organs 1 6/5/2014 Gibberellin location Gibberellin location ● ● young seedlings Germinating seeds o high expression: ● embryo (red arrows) o Figure: stained for detection of Gibberellin gene expression, arrows indicate apical meristem low expression: ● aleurone cells (red arrowheads) o based on expression patterns, aleurone cells respond to signals but do not produce gibberellins Function? Function? Known for stem elongation Best known for increased fruit growth. Normal Gibberellin induced (cell elongation and cell division) ● most notable in plants that are deficient in gibberellin. Such as modified dwarf plants. ● often used in agriculture. ● some plants require both gibberellin AND auxin for fruit production. …... ….. Funtion? Function? Known for seed germination. ….. 2 6/5/2014 Function? Depending on the type of gibberellin hormone, it is also known for: ● Rapid growth and flowering -- “bolting” ● interrupting seed dormancy in seeds that need light/stratification for germination ● Induce “maleness” in dioecious flowers ● Induce seedless fruiting ● Postpone death in some leaves and citrus fruit Bibliography Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2011). Campbell Biology (9th ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. Kaneko, M., Itoh, H., Inukai, Y., Sakamoto, T., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M. and Matsuoka, M. (2003), Where do gibberellin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling occur in rice plants?. The Plant Journal, 35: 104–115. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01780.x Sakai, Miho, Tomoaki Sakamoto, Tomino Saito, Makoto Matsuoko, Hiroshi Tanaka, and Masatomo Kobayashi. "Expression of Novel Rice Gibberellin 2-oxidase Gene Is under Homeostatic." SHORT COMMUNICATION(2003): 161-64. ProQuest. Web. Apr.-May 2014. <http://search.proquest.com.ez.sccd.ctc.edu:3048/docview/734595539/43E4D613DF174B2DPQ/3?accountid=36118>. 3