Download interaksi ekologis dalam manajemen agroekosistem

Bahan Kajian dalam MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem
INTERAKSI
EKOLOGIS
AGROEKOSISTEM
Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno jurs tanah fpub - Nop. 2013
AGROEKOLOGI.
Agroecologi adalah kajian tentang
proses-proses ekologis yang
berlangsung dalam sistem produksi
pertanian.
The prefix agro- refers to agriculture.
Bringing ecological principles to bear in
agroecosystems can suggest novel
management approaches that would not
otherwise be considered.
Pakar Agroecologi mengkaji berbagai macam
agroecosystems, dan bidang agroekologi
berkaitan dnegan semua metode pertanian,
yaitu pertanian organik, terpadu,
konvensional, intensif dan ekstensif.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology….. 8/12/2012
AGROEKOLOGI.
How do Plants
Grow?
Several factors
influence
(enhance,
reduce or limit)
plant growth.
These factors
are either
environmental
factors
(external
factors) or plant
factors (internal
factors).
Diunduh dari: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.html ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOLOGI.
Agroecology diartikan
sebagai “kajian tentang
interaksi antara
tanaman, ternak,
manusia dan
lingkungannya di dalam
sistem pertanian".
Agroecology as a
discipline therefore covers
integrative studies within
agronomy, ecology,
sociology and economics .
The classical, scientific
disciplines, where some
are within the window of
agroecology, are lined up
in the right column,
ordered in a hierarchy with
the ‘hard agroecology’
disciplines at the bottom
and the 'soft agroecology'
disciplines at the top .
Diunduh dari: http://basecologica.blogspot.com/2007/08/texto-4-agroecology-part-1.html …..
10/12/2012
. AGROECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE, A MOVEMENT AND A
PRACTICE. A REVIEW
A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod and C. David.
Agron. Sustain. Dev. Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2009
Agroecology sebagai
praktek pertanian
muncul-berkembang
pada 1980-an, dan
seringkali dikaitkan
dengan gerakan
“pertanian ekologis”.
The scales and
dimensions of
agroecological
investigations changed
over the past 80 years
from the plot and field
scales to the farm and
agroecosystem scales.
Ada tiga pendekatan,
yaitu:
1. Investigasi pada
petakan lahan dan
sekala lapangan,
2. Investigasi pada
tingkat
agroecosystem dan
sekala usahatani,
3. Investigasi yang
mencakup
keseluruhan sistem
pangan.
AGROEKOLOGI
Disiplin
Ilmu
Pendekat
an
Petakan/
Hampara
n
Agroekosiste
m
Ekologi
Pangan
Geraka
n
Environmen
talisme
Praktikal
Teknolo
gi
Pertania
n
Pertanian
berkelanju
tan
Pengemban
gan Wilayah
Pedesaan
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomyjournal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/
2009/04/a8122/F1.html ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Agroecosystem didefinisikan sebagai “unit
aktivitas pertanian” secara spatial dan
fungsional, dan meliputi komponen biotik
(hidup) dan benda mati (abiotik) yang saling
berinteraksi..
The core of an agroecosystem lies the human activity of
agriculture. However, an agroecosystem is not restricted to
the immediate site of agricultural activity (e.g. the farm), but
rather includes the region that is impacted by this activity,
usually by changes to the complexity of species
assemblages and energy flows, as well as to the net
nutrient balance.
Traditionally an agroecosystem, particularly one managed
intensively, is characterized as having a simpler species
composition and simpler energy and nutrient flows than
"natural" ecosystem.
Agroecosystems are often associated with elevated
nutrient input, much of which exits the farm leading to
eutrophication of connected ecosystems not directly
engaged in agriculture.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem….. 8/12/2012
AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Complex nature of an agriculture system, illustrated by
the C-N cycle.
Mikro
ba
BOT :
Bahan
Organik
Tanah
Penyerapa
n air (H2O)
Pupu
k
Pencuci
an
Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/articles/70/2/311 ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM - USAHA
PERTANIAN
Ortega & Miller-Soybean Comparison
http://www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega/italia/soybean-comparison.htm
Diunduh dari: http://prosperouswaydown.com/subsystems/agroecology/ ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Interaksi-interaksi pada tingkat usahatani:
Output dari suatu aktivitas digunakan sebagai input
untuk aktivitas lainnya.
1. The use of crop straw or “residues” for animal
feed. A typical consequence is the rejection by
farmers of short-straw varieties of cereals such
as rice and sorghum, due to the reduced
biomass and the lower palatability to livestock of
dwarf rice varieties (which have high levels of
silica in the stem).
2. The use of livestock manure as fertilizer in crop
fields (when alternative sources of fertility
maintenance might be needed as grazing land
decreases and/or mechanization is introduced).
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERAKSI DI ANTARA KOMPONEN
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
At the farm level,
the relevant
resource flows
include labour
and cash, and
how these are
deployed
between
different
possible
activities within
and off the farm;
how the outputs
of one activity
(e.g. a cropping
system) might
act as inputs for
another;
and the inputs
and outputs of
the farm system.
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
At the farm level, for example, such interactions
include:
The planting of two crops on the same plot within the
same year or planting season.
1. Intercropping or mixed cropping – where two or
more crops are planted at the same or similar
times (e.g. maize accompanied with beans,
cowpeas, sweet potatoes, rice, squash, etc. in
many small holdings);
2. Relay cropping – where one crop is planted on
the same plot towards the end of the life cycle of
another (e.g. beans are often planted after the
maize flowers and is doubled over in many parts
of Latin America);
3. Sequential crops – where one crop is planted
after the harvest of another.
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Interaksi pada tingkat komunitas atau regional:
1. The use of an input by one type of farmer of the
output of another type of farmer (e.g. specialised
livestock farmers who buy the maize residue from
specialised crop farmers);
2. Different and competing uses of the same resource
by different stakeholders; e.g.:
a. Land - the conversion of communal land, used by
pastoralists as specialized grazing reserves in dry
years, to state-owned wheat farms in some parts of
Africa.
b. Water - the abstraction (or contamination) of stream
water for irrigation by upstream crop farmers leading
to lack (or pollution) of water used by downstream
livestock owners).
c. Labour – small farmers supplying wage labour for
sugar or coffee harvest on plantations, leading to late
planting or non-weeding on small holders own fields;
farmers without livestock hiring their manual labour to
ox-owners in exchange for ploughing services (which
may then arrive later than the optimum planting time).
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
TUMBUHAN.
The movement of solution
through the plant is dictated
by a complex combination of
internal and external forces.
Bagaimana unsur hara dan
air dalam tanah bergerak
mendekati dan memasuki
akar tumbuhan ?
As we briefly examine the
root environment, we will
quickly review the actual
movement of nutrients in
and around the media as it
approaches the root surface.
What are the driving forces
that allow elements in
remote areas of the soil to
find their way to the roots?
Diunduh dari:
http://www.greenhousecanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=140
AGROEKOSISTEM: Neraca Air Tanaman
Plant–environment
interactions.
Source: Licht and
Isebrands (2005).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06001516….. 10/12/2012
SIKLUS KARBON
Plant life
'recycles'
carbon
dioxide
faster than
previously
estimated.
Interaksi
tumbuhan
dengan
lingkungan
nya dalam
proses
fotosintesi
s dan
siklus
karbon.
Diunduh dari: http://www.earthlyissues.com/plantrecycle.htm ….. 10/12/2012
FOTOSINTESIS
Photosynthesis takes
in carbon dioxide and
water from the
environment. It then
uses sunlight to
convert this into
glucose and oxygen.
CARBON DIOXIDE +
WATER ===
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN
6CO2 + 6H2O +
sunlight ---->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophs relate to
plants which plants are
living organisms and
how they interact with
the sun (nonliving) and
uses photosynthesis
that requires energy
from the sun.
Diunduh dari: http://wikiecologyproject.wikispaces.com/Autotrophs ….. 10/12/2012
NERACA AIR DI LAHAN PERTANIAN
Evapotranspiration
(ET) ada;ah jumlah
evaporation dan
transpiration dari
permukaan lahan ke
atmosfir.
Evaporation accounts
for the movement of
water to the air from
sources such as the
soil, canopy
interception, and
waterbodies.
Transpiration
accounts for the
movement of water
within a plant and the
subsequent loss of
water as vapor
through stomata in
its leaves.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi TanamanGulma
Tumbuhan
menghasilkan beragam
senyawa alamiah yang
mampu menghambat
atau menstimulir
pertumbuhan
tumbuhan lainnya
(allelopathy) dan /atau
mempengaruhi mikroba
tanah yang ada di
sekitarnya.
As a result, crops,
weeds, and soil life are
linked through a web of
chemical and
microbiological
communications that
can be quite speciesspecific.
Utilizing these chemical
and microbiological
interactions to design
Figure: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association
weed-suppressive crop
for Biological Farming.
rotations is a
fascinating and
potentially fruitful
frontier in organic
farming
Diunduh
dari: research.
http://www.extension.org/pages/18529/an-ecological-understanding-of-weeds…..
10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi Multitrophic
antara tumbuhan dg
mikroba di bawah tanah
dan serangga di atas
tanah.
Different soil-borne
microbes induce changes in
the plant that affect
herbivorous insects, their
natural enemies and
pollinators.
The beneficial microbes
enhance plant growth and
induce resistance in aerial
plant tissues, which both
affect herbivore
performance.
The emission of plant
volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) is the main cue
triggering the attraction of
beneficial insects, and this
emission changes in
response to microbe-plant
interactions.
Aboveground herbivory
affects microbial
communities belowground,
possibly via changes in
nutrient allocation, broadspectrum induced defences
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138510001007 ….. 10/12/2012
and root exudates.
AGROEKOSISTEM
Tanaman Brassica
ditanam untuk
menghasilkan minyak,
panganm dan pakan,
dan sangat penting
secara ekonomis karena
nilai gizinya, bahan
obat, bahan bioindustri ,
biocontrol dan lainnya.
Insect pests cause
enormous yield and
economic losses in
Brassica crop production
every year, and are a threat
to global agriculture.
In order to overcome these
insect pests, Brassica
species themselves use
multiple defence
mechanisms , which can
be constitutive , inducible ,
induced, direct or indirect
depending upon the insect
or the degree of insect
attack.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomyjournal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/
2010/02/a8185/F5.html ….. 10/12/2012
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi allelopathy dan perilaku serangga:
(A) herbivory influences production of allelopathic
substances. (B) Chemical inducers enhance production of
allelopathic substances. (C) Chemical compounds have
both allelopathic and insect behavioural activity. (D) Plants
exposed to allelopathy become less attractive to
herbivores. (E) Plants exposed to allelopathy become
more attractive to herbivore natural enemies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942211000963 ….. 10/12/2012
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM (AEA).
.
ANALISIS agroecosystem merupakan
analisis tentang lingkungan pertanian
yang meliputi aspek-aspek ecology,
sociology, economics, dan politik.
An agroecosystem analysis approach might
be used to determine the sustainability of an
agricultural system.
It has become apparent, however, that the
"sustainability" of the system depends
heavily on the definition of sustainability
chosen by the observer.
The Agroecosystem analysis is used to bring the
richness of the true complexity of agricultural systems
to an analysis to identify reconfigurations of the
system (or holon) that will best suit individual
situations.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
.
Agro-ecosystem
analysis (AEA) is a
methodology for
zoning and analysing
agricultural systems
in order to plan and
prioritise research
and development
activities in the fields
of agriculture and
natural resource
management.
It uses a holistic or
systems approach to
gather bio-physical
and socio-economic
information and,
within the
ecosystem, to
identify key issues or
problems that will be
useful for rural
development,
extension and
research
programmes.
The main reasons for conducting
AEA are to:
1. Describe upland land-use systems of
selected study areas.
2. Identify, demarcate and map agroecological zones of selected study
areas.
3. Describe the physical and socioeconomic characteristics and conditions
of agroecological or forestry zones
identified.
4. Identify agricultural, forestry and socioeconomic issues and problems existing
in the zones so that they can be
addressed by extension or research
programmes.
5. Provide district authorities with
information that can be used to plan
development activities to address
poverty.
6. Strengthen district skills and capacities in
agro-ecological zoning and rural
development planning.
7. Match available agricultural and forestry
technology options with identified
agricultural sub-systems or
recommendation domains.
8. Promote co-operation and linkages
between research and development.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
PROSEDUR AEA
AEA is based on the concepts of systems, hierarchies,
agro-ecosystem zones, and the system properties of
productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability.
THE AEA follows a step-by-step procedure to decide on
the purpose of the analysis, to define precisely the
system(s) of study, identify its boundaries, its position in
the hierarchy of other systems and its major components
and their key interactions.
As an understanding of the system is developed, a
limited number of key issues begin to emerge which are
then used to guide later analysis and to plan further
follow-up studies in the field.
As these issues are clarified and understood, key
questions and hypotheses are proposed, elaborated and
used to identify research and extension priorities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
.OUTPUT AEA
The most important and useful outputs that AEA
provides are:
1. The delineation and description (biophysical
and socio-economic) of distinct agroecological zones at the agro-ecosystem level
chosen, i.e. District or Development Area.
2. An improved, holistic understanding of the
major farming and livelihood systems of each
zone.
3. A prioritised list of important problems and
opportunities for each zone.
4. A prioritised set of research, extension and
development proposals to solve the problems.
5. Enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation and
improved research and extension linkages.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
AEA uses a variety of tools to assist with the analysis of
space, time, flow and decision- making. Many are similar to
PRA tools and all emphasise simplicity, participation and
objectivity.
Transect diagrams
(space analysis
tool)
Transect diagrams are
used to describe and
compare each agroecological zone
according to a number of
key agro-ecological and
socio-economic
parameters. Transects
help to ensure that all
relevant information is
collected and clearly
organised for each agroecological zone;
they also assist in the
analysis by facilitating
comparisons and
identifying important
relationships among the
zones.
Historical profiles
(time analysis tool):
Historical profiles or 'timelines'
are used to
identify key events and analyse
changes and trends over the
longer term. They review major
occurrences over a number of
decades and usually rely heavily
on local knowledge.
Their purpose is twofold: firstly,
to try to identify longer-term
trends, for example changes in
forest cover, trends in rice
yields, changes in livelihood
systems, etc. Secondly, they are
used to assess the robustness
of the agro-ecosystem to major
perturbations such as
flood/drought, pest outbreaks,
market-price fluctuations, etc.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10--4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-800&a=d&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH012b7a70e5e4e0a26a903e7e.6.6 ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Landscape position
of riparian wetlanda
in the piedmont and
coastal plain of
North Carolina.
The landscape
position of a ripariantype wetland is shown
schematically in figure
.
Drainage water
leaving either rural or
urban uplands must
pass through the
riparian area before
reaching the stream.
During that journey,
chemical, physical,
and biological
processes in the
riparian area have the
opportunity to alter the
quality of the water
reaching the stream.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Trapping Sediment and
Phosphorus
It is found that riparian
wetlands remove large
amounts of sediment and
phosphorus from surface
runoff.
The figure shows the dense
vegetative growth usually
present at the field-forest
edge of riparian areas.
This growth slows the flow of
the surface water, depositing
much of the coarser
sediment, as shown
schematically in figure.
As the water moves further
through the wetland into the
higher-order streams and
finally into the floodplain
swamp, the texture of the
deposited sediments
becomes finer and finer. By
the time it reaches the
floodplain swamp, the
sediment layer is extremely
thin and consists mostly of
clay-sized particles.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
TIME-ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
The figure shows a
timeline for a 12week FFS that is
synchronized with a
planting season to
start a week after
transplanting.
Diunduh
dari: http://www.fao.org/
docrep/005/ac834e/ac834
e05.htm ….. 8/12/2012
A simplified diagram
of the population
dynamics of the
species studied.
Sumber:
http://www.diasfilho.c
om/abstra1.htm
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Venn diagrams
(decision analysis
tool):
Venn diagram showing the proportion of men
who disclosed perpetration of different types
of rape.
Venn diagrams are
used to analyse
relationships among
agro-ecosystem
communities, and
projects and agencies
providing support to
them.
They are useful in
identifying potential
development partners
or detecting where
inter-agency
cooperation could be
improved.
In Venn diagrams,
overlapping circles
represent good
cooperation, touching
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02
circles represent some
77953606003832
cooperation and nontouching circles
represent
poor
or no
Diunduh dari:
www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf
….. 8/12/2012
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diagram Venn
yang menun
jukkan jumlah
dan persentase
sampel
rumahtangga
petani (n = 177)
yang
menggunakan
benih jagung
lokal, modernhibrida dan daurulang.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919212000528….. 10/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Kalender Musiman
(time analysis tool):
Seasonal calendars are also
used
to analyse time related
changes
for each agro-ecosystem, but
over the shorter term (withinyear).
Climate, cropping patterns,
major agricultural
operations,
labour use, price
movements,
social activities, etc. are presented by month so that
comparisons can be made and
key
periods identified.
Diagram Alir
(flow analysis tool):
Flow diagrams are used to
analyse the flow of materials
, money , information ,
labour , etc. both from
outside and within the
system.
Flows occur both up and
down the hierarchy, i.e. from
village to district to province,
and from one agroecosystem zone to another ,
e.g. grazing cattle migration
from zone to zone in
different seasons. Various
schematic means of
representing these flows
exist and can be selected
according to participants'
needs and capacities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KALENDER MUSIMAN AGROEKOSISTEM.
The
seasonal
calendar is a
tool and not
simply a
product.
Once it is
completed it
should be
used as the
basis for
discussion
about the
variables
included
within it.
Seasonal
calendars
are easy to
record.
Notes on the
discussions
of the
calendars
should also
be made.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
BAGAN ALIR ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
The
relationships
between
agronomic and
environmental
factors
affecting soil,
plant, crop and
animal health.
(WUE = water
use efficiency)
Diunduh dari:
http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soil_health_mis7898_3 …..
8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Problem-cause diagrams
(decision analysis tool):
Problem-cause diagrams or 'problem-solution
trees' are used to analyse the causes of problems,
identify the linkages between them, understand
the way farmers cope with the problem, and
identify appropriate solutions.
Problem diagrams begin with a broad statement
of the overall problem, which is then broken down
into component problems, and eventually the root
causes; these are then examined to identify
farmer responses to the problem, and finally,
alternative solutions are proposed.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
.
The Cause and Effect Diagram
The Cause and
Effect Diagram is
also referred as
Fishbone Diagram is
a graphical
technique that can
be employed in
teams to distinguish
and arrange the
reasons of an event
or outcome or
problem.
It
graphically illustrate
s the stratified
relationship among
the causes as per
their level of
significance or item
and a given
outcome.
It is also known as
Ishikawa Diagram.
Diunduh dari: http://www.expertsmind.com/learning/cause-and-effect-diagram-assignment-help7342872284.aspx….. 10/12/2012
KOMPONEN ANALISIS
AGROEKOSISTEM.
Perkebuna
n pisang
sebagai
suatu
Agroekosis
tem.
(Source: C.
E.
Hernandez
and S. G.
Witter,
'Evaluating
and
managing
the
environment
al impact of
banana
production
in Costa
Rica',
Ambio, 25
(1996),
p173.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.myspace.com/banana_salvery ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Tabel Ciri-ciri Sistem
(system properties analysis tool):
Empat ciri-ciri agroekosistem adalah:
productivity, stability, sustainability dan
equitability, dianalisis dengan menggunakan
alat bantu Tabel - Ciri-ciri - Sistem.
Analysis proceeds by listing those attributes of
the agro-ecosystem, which have positive and
negative effects on the four system properties,
and explaining the way this occurs.
This identification of the important elements in
each system encourages a more balanced
analysis than the traditional focus on productivity
would provide.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Ranking Berpasangan
(Alat untuk menyusun prioritas):
Ranking berpasangan ini dapat digunakan
untuk menyusun ranking secara obyektif
isu-isu, problematik dan solusi-solusi.
Objectivity is improved if multidisciplinary
groups conduct the ranking, as it then
incorporates a variety of different perspectives and points of view.
Pairwise ranking proceeds by listing the
problems to be compared, and then
comparing each problem with every other
problem, in turn. When all comparisons have
been completed, the scores are totalled to
provide a ranking of the relative importance
of each.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Pendugaan Dampak
Once proposed solutions to the key
problems have been generated by AEA,
a simple assessment technique can be
used to assess the impact of each
proposed solution on important crosscutting issues such as gender, poverty
and the environment.
Hasil pendugaan dampak ini digunakan
untuk memodifikasi setiap alternatif
solusi (proyek) guna memaksimumkan
dampak positif dan meminimumkan
dampak negatifnya.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KOMPONEN ANALISIS
AGROEKOSISTEM.
Pada tingkat
ekosistem dapat
digunakan
Metode
Pemodelan dan
GIS untuk
menganalisis
struktur damn
manajemen
sistem.
Diunduh dari:
Population
models must be
built up from the
individual
physiological and
behavioural level
and be driven by
soil factors and
weather.
Policy issues
must include
social science
components
impinging on the
agroecosystem
structure and
http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/TAC/Y4847E/y4847e07.htm…..
8/12/2012
function.
ASPEK-ASPEK PENTING DALAM
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
1. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menentukan
konfigurasi agroecosystem ?
2. How does one quantify the sustainability of
the farm holon (economic, social, political,
ecological and/or other)?
3. How does the farmer or farm family
perceive an agroecosystem?
4. What is the farmer doing now, and how do
those practices or actions affect the
viability of the agroecosystem?
5. Can the farmer maintain his livelihood
continuing with current practices?
6. What does the farmer value and where do
those values come from?
7. Apakah petani mempertimbangkan
konfigurasi usahatani alternatif?
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
. NERACA HARA PADA AGROECOSYSTEM
Seresah
panen
Hasil
Tanaman
Plant
Nutrient
Balances
in the
Asian and
Pacific
Region the
Conseque
nces for
Agricultur
al
Production
.
Kehilanga
n N:
Ernst W.
Mutert.
Pencucian
Gas N2
Erosi
tanah
FOOD
AND
FERTILIZE
R
TECHNOL
OGY
CENTER
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110722054313&type_id=4…..
8/12/2012
KAJIAN KESEHATAN AGROEKOSISTEM
Mencari
solusi:
Negosiasi &
Pengambilan
-keputusan
Analisis
stakeholder dan
kelembagaan:
Kekuasaan,
Pengambilan
keputusan,
Perspektif
Rekonstruksi
Sistem:
Sintesis
Sistem
Dekonstruksi
Sistem:
Analisis
sistem
Model
subsistem
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
THE AMOEBA READING
The basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a
certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading
applied to a
subsistence
farming household.
Proceedings of an IDRC ILRI international workshop
held at ILRI, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari:
http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/Info
Serv/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/a
ssump.htm#TopOfPage…..
8/12/2012
THE AMOEBA READING
The basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a
certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading
applied to a
farming household
in a developed
country.
Proceedings
of an IDRC ILRI international workshop
held at ILRI, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998
Diunduh dari:
http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/Info
Serv/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/a
ssump.htm#TopOfPage…..
8/12/2012
Model AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Output
agroekosiste
m
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
.MODEL AGROEKOSISTEM
Output agroekosistem berupa jasa-jasa amenitas,
produk dan limbah.
Lingkungan eksternal dan aktyivitas manusia
mempengaruhi tipe, kualitas dan kuantitas output
melalui “subsidi” kepada sistem.
The external environment and the human activity system
influence the type, quality and quantity of output through
subsidy to the system.
The more detailed models can be used to study system
behaviour in terms of various ecosystem health attributes
(and hence indicators).
Karakteristik sistem, seperti integritas, adaptabilitas,
effisiensi, effectivitas, resiliensi, produktivitas,
stabilitas dan equitas pada berbagai kondisi biasanya
beragam sesuai dengan perilaku sistem.
Values taken by attributes under these conditions will be
taken as reflecting system thresholds, targets and ranges.
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
. HIERARKHI AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Diunduh dari: http://www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf ….. 10/12/2012
.KONVERSI HUTAN
Konversi hutan berupa perubahan hutan alam menjadi
bentuk-bentuk penggunaan lahan yang lebioh intensif
pengelolaannya.
Often it is a process of gradual forest degradation,
which may begin with removal of valuable timber and
eventually lead to clearing of the land for plantations,
crops, pasture, industry or urban settlement.
During the last twenty years of the twentieth century,
nearly one fifth, or 300 million hectares, of tropical
forests were converted to non-forest landuses
worldwide.
Konversi hutan dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya biaya
sosial dan dampak lingkungan yang parah, a.l.:
1. Loss of biodiversity due to destruction and
fragmentation of natural habitats,
2. Water shortages,
3. Loss of natural vegetation where fires used to clear
land burn uncontrollably into surrounding areas,
4. Disregard for the rights and interests of local or
indigenous communities.
Diunduh dari: assets.panda.org/.../wwf_position_paper_on_f...…..9/12/2012
Pemanfaatan dan Konversi Hutan Tropika
Tropical forests hold the largest terrestrial carbon store and are
active carbon sinks. Reducing emissions from deforestation and
degradation is a vital component of tackling dangerous climate
change. In addition, tackling illegal and ill-managed logging will be
an important part of reducing emissions from forestry.
Total absorpsi C
oleh fotosintesis
30.4
Total emisi C
25.1
Total emisi C
oleh respirasi
24.5
Total absorpsi C
oleh fotosintesis
12.3
1
2
6
4
22
6
15
0
Diunduh dari: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/human-use-and-conversion-of-tropicalforests_a927#….. 9/12/2012
Kelompok
tani sawah
membahas
masalah
usahatani
padi sawah
Photo: Kurniatun
Hairiah
Sumber: smno.ngawi.sawah2012
PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.
Pola tanaman
pangan dan Pakan
The concept of foodfeed intercropping in
both lowland and
upland small farm
systems is relatively
new. The two
principal advantages
are:
a) that the system
aims to provide
sustainability
through involving
the complimentary
role of crops and
animals;
b) the use of
appropriate forage
crops provides
fodders and crop
residues which
are valuable both
ruminants and
non-ruminants.
Cropping patterns involving rice and
food crop - forage intercropping
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/T0582E/T0582E15.htm ….. 9/12/2012
.ROTASI TANAMAN
The Living Jigsaw:
Planning for Crop Rotation
in Your Vegetable Garden
Leaves, Fruits, Roots,
Rebuild.
That's your new mantra.
Leaves, fruits, roots, rebuild.
Think of a salad: lettuce,
tomatoes, carrots, peas.
What you are eating are the
leaves of the lettuce, the
fruits of the tomato vine, and
the root of the carrot.
The pea... you are eating the
fruit (seed) of the pea vine,
but more important to your
garden is that fact that peas
and beans are soil rebuilders
because of their marvelous
nitrogen fixing capacity.
Diunduh dari: http://www.designing-edible-gardens.com/CropRotation.html ….. 9/12/2012
ROTASI JENIS-JENIS SAYURAN
Vegetable garden crop
rotation is a process
where different types of
plant groups are grown in
different spaces, rotating
each season.
The purpose is to ensure
healthy vigorous
vegetable growth and
minimise pests and
disease.
Different vegetable plant
groups have different
nutritional needs and are
affected by different
pests and diseases.
Continually growing the
same vegetable plants in
the same place, year after
year drains the soil of
particular groups of
nutrients and increases
the risk of the build up of
pests and diseases in the
soil, eventually leading to
poor health in the crop
and reduced productivity.
The logic behind this crop rotation is
that Legumes are known as nitrogen
fixing plants, that is, as they grow, the
put nitrogen into the soil naturally.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grow-your-own-vegetable-garden.com/vegetable-garden-crop-rotation.html
….. 9/12/2012
Pergiliran = ROTASI TANAMAN
. Crop rotation is a
method of growing a
series of different types
of crops in the same
area in sequential
seasons for various
benefits such as to
avoid the build up of
problems and pests
that normally occur
when one kind of crop
is grown year after in
the same place.
I have in my vegetable
garden four sections
and I choose plants
from the same group to
go in each section.
The next year I move all
them on into the next
section as shown in the
diagram.
Thus each group will
only go back to its
original section every
fourth year.
Diunduh dari: http://nalitagarden.blogspot.com/p/crop-rotation.html….. 9/12/2012
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM.
Agroecosystem merupakan
asosiasi dinamik antara tanaman,
hijauan-pakan, ternak, flora &
fauna, tanah, air, dan atmosfir.
Agroecosystems are contained
within larger landscapes, which
include uncultivated land, drainage
networks, rural communities, and
wildlife.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/data/agroland/ ….. 8/12/2012
.PETA TRANSEK SUMBERDAYA DESA
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
.KOMPOSISI AGROEKOSISTEM
Agroekosistem dicirikan oleh komposisi
spesies dan aliran-energi yang lebih
sederhana dibandingkan dengan ekosistemalamiah yang stabil..
The agroecosystem needs energy input to
maintain its balance.
The wet paddy ecosystem, although an
artificial system, has a rather complex
composition of biotic and non-biotic
elements, providing it with relative stability.
Injudicious use of pesticides, however,
disturbs this balance due to the killing of
natural enemies and other organisms in the
rice field.
Diunduh dari: www.eseap.cipotato.org/MF.../FFS.../III-3.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
AGROECOLOG
Y
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Komponen Lanskap
Pertanian
1. Area
Dikelola secara intensif,
produks “gangguan” lahan terjadi
i
secara rutin, domestikasi
tanama spesies alami
n
2. Area
Area campuran jenis
pertania native dan non-native,
n
yang dapat menjadi
dengan habitat bagi beberapa
tingkat jenis hewan. Contohnya
ganggua padang penggembalaan,
n
hutan tanaman untuk
sedang
(Source:
Gliessman, produksi timber, dan
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
2000, p 286)
Common Patterns in the
arrangement of the components of
the agricultural landscape
A
B
Natural
Ecosystem
Areas of moderate or
reduced human
influence
Areas of agricultural
production
(Source: Gliessman,
p 287)
• 2000,
Sumber:
Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010.
C
A. Natural ecosystem and an
agroecosystem can be
separated by an area of
intermediate human influence
B. A natural ecosystem can form
a corridor, strip, or patch within
an agroecosystem
C. An areas of less-intense human
management can be dispersed
within a larger area of
agricultural
production
Bahan Kuliah
Ekologi Pertanian,
Jurs Tanah FPUB
Pertanian
•
Hutan
Alami
konser
vasi
lindung
Deforesta
si
produk
si
Per
kebun
an
Pertanian
Intensif
Terpadu,
multifungsi:
pohon, tan
pangan,
padang
rumput &
hutan tersisa
Agroforestri
Kehutanan
Keterpaduan tutupan lahan di
tingkat lanskap
‘Fungsi
hutan
hilang’
100 %
100 %
Segreg
Mosa Integr
asiKurniatun Hairiah.
Sumber:
Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
ik2010. Bahan Kuliahasi
Contoh: Mosaik agroforestri
di desa Tulung Rejo, Kec.
Ngantang
Hutan
Alami
AFmul
tistrata
AF
seder
hana
Pinus/Mah
oni
monokultu
r
Milik PERHUTANI
AFmul
tistrata
Tan
semusi
m
Milik MASYARAKAT
•
Padi
sawa
h
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.TRANSEK TOPOSEKUENS
A transect is a
diagram that is
produced during a
walking discussion
with villagers and
shows the key
features of different
land use zones in a
community. Transects
are particularly useful
when there is a range
of land use systems in
one community. This
is often the case
when communities
are located on the
coast, in hilly areas,
on rivers or lakes, or
in areas where soils
vary over short
distances.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
ANALISIS LANSeKAP
1. Pergerakan
organisma, air
dan hara antar
habitat yang
‘patchy’ 
PROSES
EKOLOGI
2. Interaksi antara
organisma
dengan
beberapa
proses yang
secara fisik ada
di habitat yang
berbeda
•
Alat
bantu
Ekologi
Lanskap
Dinamik
•Foto
udara
•GIS
Dari
berbag
ai
waktu
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Perubahan Tutupan
Lahan di DAS Kalikonto,
Malang (1990-2005)
Cont
oh
1990
2005
Pujon
Ngantan
g
•
Pujon
Ngantan
g
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Aspek penting pengelolaan
agroekosistem  ekosistem alami
1. Patch dan mozaic
2. Batas (Border) dan tepi
(edge)
3. Corridors
Gallery Forest
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Forest fragments (hutan terpecah
/tidak utuh)
Uncut
forest
Forest
Patch
Forest
Patch
Forest
Patch
Vegetasi
hutan alami,
ukuran kecil
Tebang bakar untuk
pertanian
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Patch dan
mosaik?
• Patch ~ daerah yang relatif
homogen yang berbeda kondisinya
dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya.
• Connectivity ~ level suatu lanskap
dalam mendukung/menghambat
perpindahan organisma dari satu
patch ke patch lainnya koridor
Misalnya agroforestri yang
menghubungkan hutan alami
dengan lahan pertanian
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Batas dan
tepi?
• Lanskap yang
‘patchy’
(terpecahpecah)
• Zona di bagian
tepi yang
membatasi 2
ekosistem
disebut ‘batas’
yang
lingkungannya
(mis. cahaya
yang masuk)
berbeda dengan
patch di bagian
dalam dan
bagian tepinya
•
Agrofores
tri
Tan
.semusim
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Edges (batas tepian hutan)
The Edge Effect
The edge effect is a term used to describe the
various consequences on vegetative
communities.
These edges can be natural (woodland into heath
and creek passing through arid zones) or human
induced ( pasture next to forest and road through
rainforest). Species (flora & fauna) diversity and
numbers are affected by the human induced
edges. Managing edge effects can improve the
long term viability of a reserve.
•
Komposisi dan
struktur
biodiversitas
serta kondisi
iklim mikro
berbeda
dengan zona di
bagian dalam
Sumber: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html……. Diunduh 10/12/2012
. Forest Edge effects include:
1. Micro-climatic changes; solar radiation, humidity, air
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
temperature, wind speed and soil temperature. Increase in
sunlight & air temperature raises soil temperature and decreases
soil moisture which can prevent seeds from shade tolerant
species from germinating. Existing vegetation will be put under
stress leading to dieback through wind damage, insect attack
etc.
Edge species; Rainforest plants will be replaces with species of
a wider tolerance range. Aggressive edge- dwelling species such
as the Noisy Miner will displace most to all other resident
species. Parrots & cockatoos use edges for perching and
nesting. Kangaroos and wallabies feed and move along edges.
Natural edges (ecotones) are often rich in species.
Increase in exotic fauna; Foxes, cats and dogs tend to move
and harbour along roads, tracks and cleared areas adjacent to or
in bushland. Edges improve access causing decline in native
fauna populations through predation and competition. Both
platypus and quoll have suffered from predation by foxes moving
along bush tracks.
Weed invasion; edges provide ideal locations for weed
establishment and invasion. Weeds seeds spread by wind, water,
animals, dumpings, vehicles, soil, RTA, councils, SRA, and
livestock are spread to and then from edges.
Adjacent land use (miss-use); chemical & fertiliser drift from
farmland, trampling & grazing by stock, altered fire regimes,
recreational use (big blokes in big machine etc), new tracks
creating changed hydrology with erosion and compaction.
Noise & movement; extra human activity has direct impacts on
native species. Wedge tailed Eagles will abandon nests because
of disturbance. Eastern Grey Kangaroos like the edge habitat so
the more edge the more kangaroos.
Diunduh dari: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html ….. 10/12/2012
EDGE EFFECTS OF CORRIDORS
Corridors established in woodlands or grasslands can
create negative edge effects that extend into the
woodland or grassland.
Examples include open corridors cleared for roads in
woodlands and hedgerows established in grasslands.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative
Edge Effects
Negative edge effects include
increased risk of parasitism
or disease, increased risk of
predation, adverse
microclimate conditions, and
competition from invasive
species.
1. Locate corridors along
existing edges and avoid
fragmenting habitat patches.
2. Consolidate corridor uses to
minimize fragmentation
(e.g., combine road and
utility corridors).
3. In woodlands, create a
dense, feathered edge with
vegetation to reduce
penetration of edge effects.
4. Narrower corridors will
generally have less edge
effects into adjacent habitat.
5. If the landscape already
consists of patches
dominated by edge, a
corridor will probably not
contribute additional
negative impacts.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative
Edge Effects
These graphs provide a summary of documented edge
effects. These distances can be used for estimating the
zone of impact and for designing ways to reduce these
impacts.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Transek lereng dan alur sungai
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
FUNGSI AGROEKOSISTEM
• Fungsi Lahan pertanian dalam
konservasi biodiversitas:
o Complementary /
supplementary habitat
o Tempat bernaung
o Tempat mencari makan
Lahan pertanian dengan diversitas tanaman yang
tinggi  struktur lebih kompleks (mis.
Agroforestri )  berpeluang lebih besar untuk
konservasi biodiversitas dari ekosistem alami
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Maksimalisasi Tutupan Hijau Lahan
dengan Agroforestry
“Agroforestry”
mencerminkan
nama kolektif untuk
sistem dan
penggunaan lahan,
dimana tanaman
keras berkayu
(pepohonan, perdu,
palem, bambu, dsb)
ditanam secara
bersamaan dalam
unit lahan yang
sama dengan
tanaman pertanian
dan/atau ternak,
dengan tujuan
tertentu, dalam
bentuk pengaturan
ruang atau urutan
waktu, dan
didalamnya
terdapat interaksi
ekologi dan
ekonomi di antara
berbagai komponen
yang bersangkutan.
Diunduh dari: http://tulisan-novan.blogspot.com/2011/09/maksimalisasi-tutupan-hijau-lahan.html…..
9/12/2012
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient
and Light Capture in Agroforestry
Systems
The WaNuLCAS
model was
developed to
represent tree-soilcrop interactions in a
wide range of
agroforestry systems
where trees and
crops overlap in
space and/or time
(simultaneous and
sequential
agroforestry).
The model is based
on above and below
ground architecture
of tree and crop,
elementary tree and
crop physiology and
soil science (daily
water, N, P and SOM
balance for 4 soil
layers and 4
horizontal zones).
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient
and Light Capture in Agroforestry
Systems
The model is conceived as
four layers of soil exploited by
roots of two components: a
crop and a tree.
A simple vertical water
balance is maintained on the
basis of precipitation entering
the top layer and drainage
leaving the bottom layer. Water
leaching downwards carries
nutrients, based on the current
average concentration in soil
solution.
Each layer of soil has its own
potential uptake of water and
nutrient; actual uptake is
based on a comparison of the
summed potential uptake from
all layers and the current
'demand' as determined by the
plant biomass.
Plant growth is limited by light
supply as well as the minimum
of relative nutrient and relative
water uptake. The two plants
interact primarily via the
belowground resources and
also by shading.
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK
INTEGRATION
Nguyen Van So
National University of Ho Chi Minh City, College of Agriculture
and Forestry
Vietnam, 1998-09-01
Within the farming
system are the
household, crop,
animal, soil, weed,
insect, and other
subsystems. The
household, crop, and
animal subsystems are
integrated and
interdependent.
The household
provides labor and
management, crops
provide feed, and the
animals generate
power, manure, meat,
milk, and capital.
The farming system is
part of a larger
agroecosystem
composed of nonagricultural systems,
market and credit
systems, and other
farming systems.
The Interaction of the Three Sub-Systems
under an Agroforestry System
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 …..
9/12/2012
. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK
INTEGRATION
The
Interdepend
ent
Elements of
a Farming
System
and
Their
Connection
with Other
Elements
within the
Agrosystem
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 …..
9/12/2012
Karakteristik utama Lanskap yang mempengaruhi
pola dan diversitas hewan dan tanaman (Harvey,
2007: Farming with Nature hal 148)
Komposisi Struktur
Land use
saat ini
Manageme Konteks
n
regional
Patchy dari Managemen Native
segi ukuran tanaman:
ecosyste
dan bentuk pengolahan m,
tanah, cara
biofical
pemanenan, characteri
rotasi
stics
tanaman,
Floristic dan Pengaturan Ladang
Lokasi
komposisi secara
penggembala relatif
structural spasial
an dan
terhadp
lahan
pengelolaan kawasan
pertanian – ternak
konservas
non
i
pertanian
Land use
Letak patch Pengendalian Temporal
membentu antar native tanaman atau Land Use
•k matriks
Sumber: Kurniatun
Hairiah. 2010. Bahan
Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian,
Jurs Tanah FPUB
habitat
hewan
change
Macam lanskap
berdasar ketersediaan habitat alami
Macam % Hutan alami
lanskap tersisa
1 Intact > 90% habitat
original (hutan alami)
2 Variega 60-90% habitat
ted
original
3 Fragme 10-60% habitat
nted
original
Lahan-lahan pertanian umumnya termasuk
‘Fragmented’
atau hutan
‘Relictual’alami
lanskap
4kategori
Relictua
< 10%
l
tersisa
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
MANAJEMEN LANDSEKAP
• Merawat habitat “non-crop” patch:
melalui peningkatan diversitas ,
kerapatan dan ukuran habitat noncrop patch
• Merawat dan mengembangkan
tumbuhan native (asli)
• Meningkatkan kerapatan dan variasi
tutupan lahan
• Mengupayakan lanskap selalu tertutup
tanaman
• Meminimalkan penggunaan bahanbahan kimia
.AGROEKOSISTEM PADI SAWAH
Faktor-faktor
yang
mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan
dan hasil padi
dalam
ekosistem
sawah.
The paddy
ecosystem
response
models can be
developed to
predict
changes in rice
growth and
crop yields in
response to
climate
change,
incorporating
factors
including
water, soil, rice
variety and
cultivation
conditions.
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/rp/eng/rp08.html ….. 9/12/2012
JARING-JARING MAKANAN DALAM EKOSISTEM
SAWAH.
The rice ecosystem,
especially in the
tropics, is a usually
richly endowed with
a great diversity of
generalist predators
and parasitoids,
which tend to be
more species
specific.
As the rice habitat
is an ephemeral
habitat, most pest
species that can
cause significant
damages and yield
losses are generally
immigrants.
Many of these pest
species are also
specific rice
feeders,
monophagous or
oligophagous
(limited host range).
Such specialization
may be constrained
by local host
availability.
Trophic relationships in a rice ecosystem showing the
importance of detritivores and non crop vegetation
components.
Diunduh dari: http://ricehoppers.net/2012/05/three-planks-for-ecological-engineering-for-rice-pestmanagement/ ….. 9/12/2012
PROSES MIKROBIA TANAH YANG MENGENDALIKAN
EMISI GAS METHAN DARI LAHAN SAWAH
Lahan sawah
merupakan sumber
gas methan yang
sangat penting.
Methane is produced
anaerobically after the
flooding of rice fields,
either from acetate or
hydrogen/carbon
dioxide as substrate.
In contrast,
methanotrophic
microorganisms
oxidize methane to
carbon dioxide in the
presence of molecular
oxygen in the root
zone or at the
air/water interface,
thus reducing the
overall methane
emissions to the
atmosphere.
O
2
C
O2
CH
4
Dekomposisi
BOT
Microbial turnover of methane and
transport pathways of gases in
wetlands
Diunduh dari: http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/research/environmentalmicrobiology/research/Wetlands …..
9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
Paddy field
ecosystem is
composed of
surface water,
plowed soil layer
and subsoil, and the
plowed soil layer is
divided into two
layers; thin oxidized
soil layer and
reduced soil layer.
These soil layers
are connected by
percolating water.
The rice roots are
developed and plant
residues such as
rice straw and
stubble after rice
harvest are
incorporated into
the plowed soil
layer.
These microsites
are different
habitats for
microorganisms,
and unique
microbial
communities inhabit
depending on the
microsites.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~soil/Soil_Biology_and_Chemistry-e/Researches.html …..
9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
1. Better
understand the
paddy
ecosystem
response to
climate change
2. Quantify the
impacts of
climate change
on methane
emission
(feedback
effect)
3. Explore/test
options to
enhance
adaptation/mitig
ation under
future climate
conditions
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
FACE-N:
1. Free-Air CO2
Enrichment study
for paddy rice
with a focus on
its effect on
nitrogen cycle
2. Further
understand the
paddy ecosystem
response to
climate change
through the
interdependency
of the carbon and
nitrogen cycles
3. Quantify the N
flow and the
impacts of
climate change
on N2O and NH3
emissions
4. Develop a
combined
numerical models
to describe the N
cycle in the
paddy
ecosystem.
FACE: Free Air CO2 Enrichment
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PADDY
SOIL-RICE SYSTEM IN ASIA
Kazutake Kyuma
Department of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga
Prefecture
2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone City, Japan 522, 1995-09-01 .
The paddy soil-rice
system has efficient
nutrient replenishing
mechanisms.
Basic cations and silica
are supplied by irrigation
water, while biological
fixation works as an
inexhaustible source of N
in the system, and
phosphorus availability
is enhanced under
anaerobic conditions.
This, along with almost
perfect resistance to soil
erosion, gives the paddy
rice system high
productivity as well as
high sustainability.
Schematic Diagram of Nitrogen Cycle in Paddy
Soil Ecosystem
To cope with an
increasing world
population, the paddy
rice system has to be
intensified by developing
the infrastructure for
irrigation and drainage,
and adopting high-input
technologies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721171053&type_id=4 …..
9/12/2012
.TUMPANGSARI
Practice crop
rotation for
the
intercrops.
Plant
leguminous
nitrogenfixing crops
after grain
crops to
replenish
losses from
grain
harvest.
Some
legume
crops
improve
nitrogen
gains
through
symbiotic
fixation.
Example of a
Practice crop rotation for the intercrops
crop
sequence:
mungbeanco
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
rn/rice-
Integrating local tree species into
family farms
The local farmers'
organization, have
been gradually
planting trees to
create "forests,, on
sections of their
own farms.
FAMILY FOREST = HUTAN
KELUARGA
These "family
forests are planted
with exotic trees
and a variety of
local forest species
that traditionally
provided the farm
families with food,
timber, fuelwood,
herbal medicines
and other useful
products.
The Hutan keluarga
have evolved into
highly varied
systems in terms of
species
composition and
planting distances
resulting from
individual
preferences and
selection of each
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
household.
.LAHAN
PEKARANGAN
The pekarangan
(homegarden) is a
mixture of annual
crops, perennial
crops and animals
(including livestock)
in the area
surrounding a house.
It is an integrated
system with definite
boundaries that
serves a variety of
economic,
biophysical and
sociocultural
functions.
The homegarden
system originated in
Central Java and
spread to East and
West Java in the
middle of the
eighteenth century.
Kebun-talun and
homegardens in West
Java generate
relatively good
income and are good
sources of calcium,
vitamin A and vitamin
C.
A typical homegarden in West Java
A typical homegarden has a similar structure from
year to year, though there may be some seasonal
variations. The lowest two layers (up to 2 m in
height) are dominated by starchy food plants,
vegetables and spices. Cassava and ganyong
(Canna edulis) are the most common plants found
in the homegarden. The next layer (two to five
meters) is dominated by bananas, papayas and
other fruit trees. The five to ten meters layer is also
dominated by fruit trees or other cash crops, such
as cloves. The top layer, higher than 10 meters, is
dominated by coconut and other trees, e.g., Albizia,
for building materials and firewood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
.KEBUN CAMPURAN
Development from garden to
mixed garden to mixed tree
garden
After two years, tree
seedlings start to grow,
leaving increasingly less
space for the annual crops.
The kehun gradually evolves
into the kebun campuran, in
which the annuals are mixed
among half-grown
perennials. The economic
value of the mixed garden is
less than that of the garden,
but the biophysical value
becomes higher. The
diversified nature of the
kebun campuran also
enhances soil and water
conservation. Erosion in the
talun system is minimal,
because undergrowth and
litter are abundant. When the
undergrowth and litter are
removed, erosion may
increase substantially.
In the kebun campuran,
shade-tolerant plants such
as taro occupy the space
below one meter. Cassava
forms the second layer from
one to two meters height
and the third layer is
occupied by bananas and
trees.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
.STS = SISTEM TIGA STRATA
The three-strata
system
The three-strata
system is a method
of planting and
harvesting grasses,
legumes, shrubs and
trees in such a way
that animal fodder
will be available
throughout the year.
The practice was
developed by
households in the
island of Bali.
The first layer,
consisting of grasses
and legumes is
intended to supply
fodder at the
beginning of the wet
season.
The second layer,
The three-strata system divides a piece of land
consisting of shrubs,
into three parts: nucleus; blanket; boundary.
is to supply fodder in The nucleus is maintained for food production.
the middle and the
The blanket is divided into a number of
end of the wet
compartments, with each compartment
season. The third
cultivated with various grasses and legumes.
layer, comprised of
trees, is to supply
Diunduh
dari:the
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off
….. 9/12/2012
fodder
during
dry
.
Rice terraces-forest agroforestry system
A series of bench
terraces is constructed
along steep
mountainsides and rice
is planted throughout
the year.
Irrigation is provided
through a network of
canals along dikes
which originate from
natural springs
emanating from small
forest stands celled
pinugo. These are
managed and protected
by Ifugaos based on a
set of tribal laws.
Advantages :
Sustainable; Steep
slopes are put to
productive use.
Limitations : Laborious
to establish and
maintain; Limited to
areas where there are
natural springs.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
.
THE COFFEE ECOSYSTEM
The coffee ecosphere
consists of all living
things, all inorganic
materials and physical
forces interacting with
one another.
Understanding the
coffee ecosphere aids
in unraveling the
energy flows,
deciphering the
interactions between
living things and the
environment, the
transfer of food, the
flow of energy and the
exchange of inorganic
nutrients and organic
compounds. The
coffee grid in turn
depends upon the
delicate balance of
ecological processes
for the fulfillment of its
needs.
The coffee ecosystem
closely interacts with
the BIOTIC (LIVING) &
the ABIOTIC (NONLIVING) environment.
PRODUCERS OR AUTOTROPHS: These are
the green plants with the help of chlorophyll
prepare their own food. Since, green plants or
producers convert solar energy into chemical
energy, they are sometimes referred to as
transducers of energy.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ineedcoffee.com/05/ecodynamic/….. 9/12/2012
SHADE EFFECT ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AT THE NORTHERN
TZELTAL ZONE OF THE STATE OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Lorena Soto-Pinto, Ivette Perfecto, Juan Castillo-Hernandez, Javier CaballeroNieto
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 80, Issues 1–2, August 2000, Pages
61–69
A typical coffee stand profile
from Chilón Mexico.
The shade cover percentage
and coffee shrub density had
significant effects on yields.
Coffee density had a
significant effect on yields
but shade tree density had
no effect. Coffee cultivar, age
of coffee stand, species
richness, shade tree density,
basal area, slope and aspect
did not have significant
effects on coffee yields.
Shade tree cover had a
positive effect between 23
and 38% shade cover and
yield was then maintained up
to 48%. Production may
decrease under shade cover
>50%.
A total of 61 shade species
were found, with an average
density of 260 trees per
hectare, the majority of them
being indigenous species,
used as food, construction
materials and as firewood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880900001341 ….. 9/12/2012
Exploring farmer knowledge of soil processes in
organic coffee systems of Chiapas, Mexico
J.M. Grossman.
Geoderma. Volume 111, Issues 3–4, February 2003, Pages 267–287
Lengas
tanah
Kompo
s
Farmers had an excellent
understanding of the transformation
from leaf material to soil and a good
understanding of mineralization;
however, the role of moisture
influence, nutrient uptake, and soil
organisms was not well understood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706102002689….. 9/12/2012
A coffee agroecosystem model: I. Growth and
development of the coffee plant
Daniel Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cure, José Miguel Cotes, Andrew
Paul Gutierrez, Fernando Cantor.
Ecological Modelling Volume 222, Issue 19, 10 October 2011, Pages
3626–3639
The main
elements of
the metabolic
pool model
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004200….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
DI KEBUN SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
DISTRIB
USI
BORON
DI
KEBUN
SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.aarsb.com.my/AgroMgmt/OilPalm/Nutrition/Result.html ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
Neraca Kalium di Kebun
Sawit
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/90850?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Sustainable
Rubber
Cultivation in
the Mekong
Region:
Development
of an
integrative
land-use
concept in
Yunnan
Province,
China.
Interactions
within the
socioecological
system
related to
ecosystem
functions and
services of
land use.
Rubber monocultures reduce agro-biodiversity of traditional
land use systems and affect pollinator services for relevant
food crops. In addition, expansion of rubber cultivation
results in losses of natural biodiversity at landscape and
species level due to the reduction of tropical forest areas,
which represent a biodiversity hotspot of global importance
in the target region.
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/91083?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
The interactions in the
rhizosphere exert an efficient
utilization of nutrient and
water through trade-off of
facilitation and competition
between plant species.
(A) Plant growth affected by
rhizosphere interactions
in wheat/maize/faba-bean
intercropping systems,
showing an evident
interspecific facilitation of
nutrient uptake and crop
growth between fababean and maize, but
interspecific competition
between wheat and maize;
(B) Rhizosphere acidification
in the rhizosphere of fababean which is imbedded
in an agar medium
containing bromocresolpurple as a pH indicator.
Light or yellow color
indicates acidification (pH
4.0);
(C) Rhizosphere alkalinization
in the rhizosphere of
Diunduh dari:maize
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X
….. 10/12/2012
(pH 7.5).
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Strategies for
rhizosphere
management based on
manipulation of main
components and
processes in the
rhizosphere ecosystem
including plant
species/genotype, root
system growth,
rhizosphere
environment,
rhizosphere microbes,
and rhizosphere
interactions via
intercropping and
rotation.
The above photos show
performance of a Pefficient maize genotype
with great root system
(left) and a P-inefficient
genotype with small root
system (right).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Pathway of rhizosphere
management in
cropping systems
throughout the entire
crop growth period.
(A) Synchronizing
rhizosphere nutrient
supply with crop
demands spatially
and temporally at a
critical level of
nutrient supply in
the rhizosphere, and
thus maximizing the
efficiency of
root/rhizosphere in
nutrient mobilization
and acquisition;
(B) Enhancing root
growth at early
stages and
promoting
mobilization of soil
nutrients at later
stages.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Rhizosphere management based on mechanisms of nutrient
mobilization and uptake from soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Comparative proteomic analysis for assessment of the
ecological significance of maize and peanut
intercropping
Hongchun Xiong, Hongyun Shen, Lixia Zhang, Yanxiang Zhang, Xiaotong Guo,
Pengfei Wang, Penggen Duan, Chunqiao Ji, Lina Zhong, Fusuo Zhang,
Yuanmei Zuo.
Journal of Proteomics. Available online 24 October 2012
1. Intercropping
significantly
improves iron
nutrition of peanut
in calcareous
soils.
2. The ecological
significance of
intercropping was
uncovered by
proteomics.
3. The
photosynthesisrelated proteins
were higher
accumulated in
intercropped
peanut.
4. Lower abundance
of stress
responsive
proteins was
observed in
intercropping.
5. Intercropping
improves
the
Diunduh
dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391912007087…..
10/12/2012
ecological
ALLEY CROPPING = PERTANAMAN SISTEMLORONG
This system has been widely researched and is most
applicable to agricultural systems in sub-humid
regions.
Alley cropping systems are
created by planting single or
multiple tree rows at a wide
spacing.
This creates alleys where
agricultural or horticultural
crops are planted. Highvalue hardwoods such as
oak, walnut, and ash are
typically grown in alley
cropping systems.
Short rotation biomass
species can also be
incorporated into the design.
The cost of waiting for
financial return on the longterm investment in trees is
offset by annual income
provided from the row crops
in the alleys and fruits (nuts)
from the trees.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/afnotes/gen-1/index.html….. 9/12/2012
PENUTUP
Mengelola diversitas pada
lanskap pertanian 
menguntungkan semua
organisma termasuk manusia
baik jangka pendek maupun
jangka panjang!
Kerjasama antara
konservasionist (biologi) dengan
ahli pertanian 
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