Download “critical natural capital”.

MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM & LINGKUNGAN
PENGANTAR
EKOLOGI-EKONOMI:
DAYA DUKUNG
Diabstraksikan : smno.psdl.ppsub .2012/13
DAYA DUKUNG BUMI
The Earth's carrying capacity is another central question.
This was first examined by Thomas Malthus, and more recently in
an MIT study entitled Limits to Growth.
In order to INCREASE the real GDP per capita, the real GDP must
increase faster than population growth.
Diminishing returns suggest that productivity increases will slow if
major technological progress is not made.
Food production may become a problem, as erosion, an impending
water crisis, and soil salinity (from irrigation) reduce the
productivity of agriculture.
Ecological economists argue that industrial agriculture, which
exacerbates these problems, is not sustainable agriculture, and are
generally inclined favorably to organic farming, which also reduces
the output of carbon.
Sumber:
…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SKENARIO DAYA DUKUNG
K
K-selection
r-selection
Time
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Carrying Capacity of Environment and Ecosystems
Carrying capacity of environment or an ecosystem is the threshold limit of use of that system
without damaging the system. Every ecosystem has its resources that are used for economic
development, for survival and for habitat creation.
Environment and ecosystems have got the abilities to recover the loss of its resources by
regenerating them over the period of time that are temporary and not exceeding the
threshold damage limit.
If the number of producers
decline over the period of
time.
It will affect the consumers
who depend directly on
producers and those who
depend on other consumers
for their food.
What happens is the
instability of the system and
probably the extinction of
some of species.
Sumber:
http://www.environmentabout.com/761/what-is-carrying-capacity-of-environment-and-ecosystem……..
Diunduh 17/11/2012
POPULATION GROWTH - LIMITED RESOURCES
Al resources in an ecosystem are
limited. there is only so much
food, only so much space, only so
many mates even.
The results of these ecological
limits or
ECOLOGICAL RESISTANCE is that no
population can keep growing
forever.
There is a ceiling limit that each
ecosystem sets.
This limit set by the resources of
the ecosystem is the CARRYING
CAPACITY, confusingly given the
symbol K in ecology.
Sumber:
http://sciencebitz.com/?page_id=39…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GROWTH TO A STABLE POPULATION
1. Not all populations go through
cycles of irruptive population
growth and catastrophic
decline.
2. Growth rates of many species
are regulated by internal and
external factors so that they can
come into equilibrium with
their environmental resources.
3. Logistic growth: exponential
growth when resources are
unlimited and slowed growth as
species approach carrying
capacity of environment:
1. Growth curve called an Scurve because of its shape.
4. Environmental resistance:
factors that tend to reduce
population growth rates.
Sumber:
http://zoology.muohio.edu/oris/cunn06/cs6_06.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GNP
K
Natural capital
allocated to wildlife
Natural capital
allocated to
human economy
Time
Czech, B. 2000. Economic growth as the limiting factor for wildlife conservation.
Wildlife
Society
Bulletin
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics.
Greentax.
Gary28(1):4-14.
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
KAPITAL SUMBERDAYA ALAM
“We treat the earth like a business in liquidation.” (Herman Daly)
Opportunity cost of capital
The universe is comprised of a lot of energy, of the type we sort of understand and of types we sort of
understand a little bit less (so called “dark” energy is causing the accelerating expansion of the universe).
While there is a lot of energy, it appears that it is nonetheless in limited supply. It is also understood that
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Sumber: http://www.valuecreationorbust.com/2012/05/opportunity-cost-of-capital.html….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
DAYA DUKUNG EKONOMI
(“Plimsoll line”)
K
K-selection
r-selection
Time
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
K and r-selected Economies
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
We Might Ask
GGP
K
Economy of
nature
Human
economy
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
HUMAN ECONOMY
The boundary conditions for the
human economy. Energy influxes
from real-time and fossil sunlight
drive the economic engine.
Energy is needed to obtain
usable energy as well as usable
materials. Both the material
resources and the fossil fuel
resources are finite. Some
material may be recycled
internally but energy cannot.
All energy influx eventually exits
the system as waste heat. Much
of the material similarly exits the
system as waste (some being
toxic). The major elements of the
economic engine are shown
internal to the boundary.
Sumber: http://questioneverything.typepad.com/question_everything/2009/05/index.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
HUMAN ECONOMY
The human economy—schematic
(Clift, 1995).
Sustainable development presents us
all with the challenge of living in ways
which are compatible with the longterm constraints imposed by the finite
carrying capacity of the closed system
which is Planet Earth.
Clean technology is an approach to
process selection, design and
operation which combines
conventional chemical engineering
with some of these system-based
environmental management tools; it
represents an interesting new
direction in the application of
chemical engineering to develop more
sustainable processes.
Sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250905007888…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
ALOKASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM
GNP
X natural capital allocable
KU
KT
Natural capital allocated
to non-human economy
Natural capital allocated to
human economy
Time
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
CRITICAL NATURAL CAPITAL
How Much to Use? How Much to Preserve?
There is no doubt that both using, and preserving, natural capital are essential to human well
being. But how much is needed? What aspects are critical?
These questions are less
easily answered, and
engender considerable
debate.
At one extreme are the
economists who argue
that financial capital can
replace all natural
capital.
At the other extreme are
those deep ecologists
who argue that no
natural capital can be
replaced by any other
type of capital
Sumber:
http://www.sustainablescale.org/ConceptualFramework/UnderstandingScale/MeasuringScale/CriticalNaturalCapital.aspx……..
Diunduh 17/11/2012
CRITICAL NATURAL CAPITAL
Weak vs. Strong Sustainability
The concept of weak sustainability holds that all or most forms of natural capital
are substitutable by human-derived capital.
The concept of strong sustainability holds that little or no forms of natural
capital have human-derived substitutes.
Those who believe in weak sustainability are sometimes referred to as
“technical optimists,” because they believe that technology and human
ingenuity will somehow exceed limits imposed by nature.
Both logic and the limited information now available support the notion of
strong sustainability; technical ingenuity generally serves to increase material
and energy throughputs rather than expand the biophysical limits of
ecosystems.
It is clear that there are many life supporting ecosystem functions for which
there are no substitutes; any substitution that is possible is likely to be marginal.
Sumber:
…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
CRITICAL NATURAL CAPITAL
The Virtues of Strong Sustainability
Strong sustainability states that natural and man-made capitals are
fundamentally complements rather than substitutes; it states that some natural
capital is “critical,” in that it consists of assets that are irreplaceable and cannot
be substituted by anything else.
For example, protection against excessive ultraviolet radiation provided by the
atmospheric ozone layer (e.g. Ozone), could theoretically be substituted for by
manufactured goods consisting of hats, sun-glasses and suitable clothing. Even
if such a substitution would allow human beings to survive, there are no other
manufactured goods to prevent the damaging effects on other living creatures,
or ecosystem functioning, upon which we depend.
The atmospheric ozone layer is an example of “critical natural capital”.
Similarly, there are other forms of natural capital that face similar substitution
difficulties: the global atmosphere, the world’s storage capacity or biological
diversity, for example.
Sumber:
…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
NATURAL CAPITAL
Earth capital and natural capital are synonymous sources of biological wealth and necessary
ecosystem services.
Ecosystem services may be
defined as those beneficial
and not so beneficial
aspects of a functioning
ecological unit that can be
made available to human
communities.
Ecosystem services can be
seen as primary and
secondary services
provided by topographical,
atmospheric, hydrological
or landscape features of
natural areas.
Sumber:
http://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/15%20Saving%20our%20Natural%20Capital.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
These services are
valuable because
ecosystems function as a
unity of processes and a
forum of functions that
cycle over time to sustain
communities because
they maintain optimal
conditions by supplying
the trace elements that
would otherwise rob an
ecological community of
the means to support
growing populations and
diverse adaptations to
changing external and
internal conditions.
Sumber: http://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/EcosystemServices.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
NATURAL CAPITAL CATEGORIES
Natural capital in the different
categories:
1. Rivers and riverine ecosystems that
cannot be reconstituted, and provide
non-substitutable support to life,
2. Artificial forests that provide
environmental services necessary for
life that cannot be provided with
other kinds of capital, but could be
reconstructed,
3. Riverine fishing areas, that could be
substituted by non-life supporting
naturalcapital or human-made capital
4. Wetlands, as purifiers of water, to
some extent reconstitutable, and
substitutable by artificial purifiers,
5. Landscape, sports and aesthetic
natural capital
6. Gardens, agricultural land
7. Minerals
8. Artificial lakes, pasture land with low
biodiversity.
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999000208 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
Overlapping of essential and life-supporting NaturalCapital.
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999000208 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
Traditional view.
Thin arrows: Processes that
contain natural resources:
Production processes (A and C),
distribution, consumption and
import-export.
Thick arrows: Waste; Dotted
lines: Processes without natural
resources component.
Some processes in this figure
have been kept simple:
distribution—makes processed
materials and energy, including
intermediate and capital goods,
accessible to consumers and
producers, some occurs through
the market, some dont;
consumption—changes materials
and energy into services; importexport—bring materials and
energy in and out of the region.
Sumber:
…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
THE REGIONAL MODEL
RELATING QUALITY OF LIFE AND NATURAL CAPITAL.
Sumber:
…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
A sustainable livelihood approach is one of many theoretical frameworks used to examine how individuals behave under
different conditions and the different elements of the livelihood system defines the context within which individuals
make their living.
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable
when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities or assets while not
undermining the natural resource base (DFID, 1999).
Source:
Adapted from
DFID
Sustainable
livelihoods
guidance
sheets (1999)
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD
APPROACH
H = human
capital; N =
natural capital;
Ph = physical
capital; S =
social (cultural)
capital; Po =
political capital
and F =
financial
capital.
Sumber:
http://www.belizetimes.bz/2010/02/12/coping-with-poverty-in-belize/…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
The sustainable livelihoods approach ( SLA ) is a way to improve
understanding of the livelihoods of poor people.
It draws on the main factors that affect poor people's
livelihoods and the typical relationships between these factors.
It can be used in planning new development activities and in
assessing the contribution that existing activities have made to
sustaining livelihoods.
The two key components of the SLA are:
1. A framework that helps in understanding the complexities
of poverty
2. A set of principles to guide action to address and overcome
poverty
Sumber: http://www.ifad.org/sla/index.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
The SL framework places people, particularly rural poor people, at the centre of a web of
inter-related influences that affect how these people create a livelihood for themselves
and their households. Closest to the people at the centre of the framework are the
resources and livelihood assets that they have access to and use. These can include
natural resources, technologies, their skills, knowledge and capacity, their health, access
to education, sources of credit, or their networks of social support. The extent of their
access to these assets is strongly influenced by their vulnerability context, which takes
account of trends (for example, economic, political, technological), shocks (for example,
epidemics, natural disasters, civil strife) and seasonality (for example, prices, production,
employment opportunities). Access is also influenced by the prevailing social,
institutional and political environment, which affects the ways in which people combine
and use their assets to achieve their goals. These are their livelihood strategies.
People are the main concern, rather than the resources they use or their governments.
SLA is used to identify the main constraints and opportunities faced by poor people, as
expressed by themselves. It builds on these definitions, and then supports poor people
as they address the constraints, or take advantage of opportunities. The framework is
neither a model that aims to incorporate all the key elements of people's livelihoods, nor
a universal solution. Rather, it is a means of stimulating thought and analysis, and it
needs to be adapted and elaborated depending on the situation.
Sumber: http://www.ifad.org/sla/index.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
SLA has seven guiding principles. They do not prescribe solutions or dictate
methods. Instead, they are flexible and adaptable to diverse local conditions.
The guiding principles are:
1. Be people-centred. SLA begins by analysing people's livelihoods and how they change
over time. The people themselves actively participate throughout the project cycle.
2. Be holistic. SLA acknowledges that people adopt many strategies to secure their
livelihoods, and that many actors are involved; for example the private sector,
ministries, community-based organizations and international organizations.
3. Be dynamic. SLA seeks to understand the dynamic nature of livelihoods and what
influences them.
4. Build on strengths. SLA builds on people's perceived strengths and opportunities
rather than focusing on their problems and needs. It supports existing livelihood
strategies.
5. Promote micro-macro links. SLA examines the influence of policies and institutions on
livelihood options and highlights the need for policies to be informed by insights from
the local level and by the priorities of the poor.
6. Encourage broad partnerships. SLA counts on broad partnerships drawing on both the
public and private sectors.
7. Aim for sustainability. Sustainability is important if poverty reduction is to be lasting.
Sumber: http://www.ifad.org/sla/index.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
The SLA framework is presented in schematic form below and shows the main
components of SLA and how they are linked. It does not work in a linear manner and
does not attempt to provide an exact representation of reality.
It seeks to provide a way of thinking about the livelihoods of poor people that will
stimulate debate and reflection about the many factors that affect livelihoods, the way
they interact and their relative importance within a particular setting. This should help in
identifying more effective ways to support livelihoods and reduce poverty.
Sumber: http://www.ifad.org/sla/index.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
Sumber: http://haritprayas.blogspot.com/2011/09/sustainable-livelihood-framework.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities needed for a means
of living - and is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from shocks and
stresses, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets and provide sustainable
opportunities for the next generation. The sustainable livelihoods approach
considers vulnerabilities as the main factor that shapes how people make their
living.
The level of vulnerability of an individual or community is determined by how
weak or strong their livelihoods are, what occupational activities they are
engaged in, the range of assets they have access to for pursuing their livelihood
strategies and the strength and support of the social networks and institutions
that they are part of or which have influence over them.
The key factor that influences the choice and strengths of the livelihoods that
people pursue is the range of resources or assets that people are able to access
and use.
Sumber: http://practicalaction.org/livelihoods-4 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
A rural household which owns a small amount of land and has
household members with skills in traditional farming, but who
have no education, no savings, and poor access to markets, will
probably be limited to making a living from subsistence, rain-fed
agriculture alone.
A household with more extensive land, access to water resources,
additional skills in food processing and some savings to risk
investing in a business opportunity, could develop a range of
agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood options.
They will have alternatives to fall back on in times of need or crisis.
Sumber:
http://practicalaction.org/livelihoods-4…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
Certain components or assets are required to make a living.
These assets can conveniently be divided into 5 main groups for ease of analysis.
1. Financial - sources of income, assets which can be traded or sold, savings, financial services, etc.
These are objects, resources or activities that can generate cash. A person sells their labour for
cash; a person runs a small business to generate cash, sells his/her labour, etc
2. Natural - soil, water, forest, environmental assets, etc. These are natural resources such as the
land used to produce crops or grazing, the river which provides fish and the forest which
provides wild food, timber, fuel and other useful products for consumption or sale.
3. Physical - houses, schools, clinics, roads, ploughs, producer goods accessible by community, etc.
These are the physical structures such as buildings, including shops and markets and include the
tools used in making a living such as ploughs, blacksmith's tools etc
4. Human - health, skills, education, knowledge, confidence etc. These are the qualities which help
one make a living such as knowledge; knowing how to do things, the ability to work due to good
health, and confidence, a sense of self worth, or motivation.
5. Social - family links, groups, support networks, leadership, influences over political decisions,
conflict, etc. People are more resilient, able to withstand threats to their livelihoods when there
is group cohesion. The family structure, support from groups (women's groups, churches etc), a
sense of belonging and leaders who actively promote the well-being of their constituents all
contribute to the resilience of a community.
Sumber:
http://practicalaction.org/livelihoods-4…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
If people have access to a broader range of assets or resources, they have more
choices and are able to adapt more easily to changing circumstances. The quality and
security of these resources is also important - for example the fertility and security of
tenure of land and financial resources that keep their value.
The sustainable livelihoods framework describes the different aspects of peoples'
vulnerability while pointing to the social, political and economic structures and
processes which influence vulnerability.
Sumber: http://practicalaction.org/livelihoods-4 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
SLA = SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH
There are different assets that people have; the amounts available to them vary.
The following are some types of livelihood assets (it is not an exhaustive list):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Human assets: would include household members, active labour, education,
knowledge skills (including technical and interpersonal); knowledge; ability;
employability and earning power; good health; leadership. In a wider definition,
it can also include motivation; self-esteem; self-confidence; self-perception;
emotional well-being; assertiveness; spirituality.
Physical assets: livestock, equipment, vehicles, houses, implements, and other
physical (production) assets.
Natural assets: would include access to land, forests, water, grazing, fishing, wild
products and biodiversity.
Financial capital: can include income from productive activity (employment/selfemployment); available finances/savings; regular inflows of money from
government transfers, family, gifts or in kind; access to credit; savings/debt,
gold/jewelry, etc.
Social assets: would include kin networks; group membership; socio-political
voice and influence; cooperation; networks, inter-connectedness; family
support; friendships; relationships of trust/exchanges; partnership and
collaboration; political participation.
Sumber: http://www.methodfinder.net/principles89.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes.
The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and
materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products.
The goals that inform developments in this rapidly growing field include:
1. Sustainability - meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into
the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present
needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. "Cradle to cradle" design - ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of manufactured products,
by creating products that can be fully reclaimed or re-used.
3. Source reduction - reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and
consumption.
4. Innovation - developing alternatives to technologies - whether fossil fuel or chemical
intensive agriculture - that have been demonstrated to damage health and the
environment.
5. Viability - creating a center of economic activity around technologies and products that
benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that
truly protect the planet.
Sumber:
http://www.green-technology.org/what.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Green technology subject areas
1. Energy
Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of
alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency.
2. Green building
Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to
where a building is located.
3. Environmentally preferred purchasing
This government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and
methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and
mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing.
4. Green chemistry
The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or
to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
5. Green nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer,
one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is
forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured.
"Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering
principles to this field.
Sumber:
http://www.green-technology.org/what.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN WATER: PARADIGMA BARU
Paradigma baru dalam pengelolaan air pertanian memasukkan green
water sebagai komponen penting dalam analisis.
Green water adalah air yang terdapat dalam zona tidak jenuh dalam tanah
(unsaturated zone), yaitu di daerah perakaran tanaman hingga zona air
tanah jenuh (saturated zone).
Green water terkumpul karena hujan yang jatuh ke permukaan tanah dan
mengalami infiltrasi ke bawah permukaan. Namun, green water juga
menguap melalui proses evaporasi (langsung dari permukaan tanah) atau
transpirasi (melalui tanaman).
Falkenmark dan Rockstrom (2006) menunjukkan bahwa produksi pangan
global memerlukan 6800 km3/tahun green water (evaporasi dan
transpirasi). Sekitar 1800 km3/tahun diperoleh dari blue water dengan cara
irigasi dari sungai, danau, atau air tanah.
Perencana irigasi mempertimbangkan blue water sebagai total air yang
dipergunakan pertanian, pada kenyataannya porsi terbesar penggunaan
air disuplai oleh green water.
Sumber: http://io.ppijepang.org/article.php?id=340 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN WATER: PARADIGMA BARU
Pengelolaan air untuk pertanian yang memasukkan pengelolaan
green water menjadi sangat penting untuk dilakukan.
Rockström et al. (2009) membuktikan bahwa pengelolaan green water
yang tepat akan menjadi basis baru bagi revolusi hijau. Bahkan bisa
menjadi basis bagi ketahanan terhadap bencana yang disebabkan air,
seperti banjir, kekeringan, dan musim kemarau yang kini menjadi sulit
diprediksi akibat perubahan iklim (climate change).
Tanpa peningkatan produktivitas air yang siginifikan dengan diiringi
usaha-usaha lain untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian, penyediaan
pangan penduduk dunia dapat menjadi masalah serius di tahun-tahun
mendatang.
Demikian juga dengan adanya wacana peningkatan produksi biofuel,
pertanian kini berperan tidak hanya untuk menyediakan pangan dan
pakan tapi juga bahan bakar (food, feed, fuel). Air untuk pertanian kini
menjadi isu yang sangat penting.
Sumber: http://io.ppijepang.org/article.php?id=340 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
KONSEP GREEN BUILDING
Konsep green building atau
bangunan ramah lingkungan
didorong menjadi tren dunia
pengembangan properti saat
ini.
Bangunan ramah lingkungan
ini punya kontribusi menahan
laju pemanasan global
dengan membenahi iklim
mikro.
“Hal penting dalam konsep
ini adalah penghematan air
dan energi serta penggunaan
energi terbarukan”
Sumber: http://angankeyen.wordpress.com/page/2/ …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN AGROWISATA
Agrowisata (agrotourism), Agro
berarti pertanian dan tourism
berarti pariwisata.
Agrowisata adalah berwisata ke
daerah pertanian dalam arti luas,
mencakup pertanian rakyat,
perkebunan, peternakan dan
perikanan.
Pengembangan agrowisata akan
membangun komunikasi yang
intensif antara petani dengan
wisatawan.
Harapannya petani MENJADI lebih
kreatif mengelola usahataninya
sehingga mampu menghasilkan
produk yang diminta wisatawan
dan sektor kepariwisataan.
Sumber: http://pariwisatadanteknologi.blogspot.com/2010/07/definisi-agrowisata.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN
AGROWISATA
R.S. Damardjati (1995) : agrowisata
adalah wisata pertanian dengan
objek kunjungan daerah pertanian
atau perkebunan yang sifatnya khas,
yang telah dikembangkan
sedemikian rupa sehingga berbagai
aspek yang terkait dengan jenis
tumbuhan yang dibudidayakan itu
telah menimbulkan motivasi dan
daya tarik bagi wisatawan untuk
mengunjunginya.
Aspek-aspek tersebut adalah jenis
tanaman yang khas, cara budidaya
dan pengelolaan produknya,
penggunaan teknik dan teknologi,
aspek kesejarahannya, lingkungan
alam dan juga sosial budaya
disekelilingnya.
Sumber: http://pariwisatadanteknologi.blogspot.com/2010/07/definisi-agrowisata.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN CITY
Kota Hijau atau sering
disebut Green City adalah
keinginan setiap penduduk
kota, tidak ada masyarakat
yang menolak adanya
green city.
Green city erat kaitannya
dengan konsep yang
ramah lingkungan, dengan
demikian bumi pun
terlindungi dari berbagai
bencana-bencana yang
terjadi akibat ulah
manusia, misalnya tanah
longsor, banjir, kekeringan
sumber air bersih dan
terutama pemanasan
global.
Smno 2011, jl. Veteran kota malang, jatim
Sumber: http://radar-subekti.blogspot.com/2011/12/green-city.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN
CAMPUSS
Specific
recommendations
include:
1. A long-term plan for
carbon reduction
2. High-performance
buildings to reduce
energy consumption
3. Smart land use
planning and
increased open space
4. Enhanced
transportation
5. Mitigating storm
water issues
6. Improving recycling
practices
Smno 2011, kampus UB di Kota Malang, Jatim
Sumber: http://www.pennconnects.upenn.edu/growing_greener/growing_greener.php …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN PARKING LOTS
Green parking refers to
several techniques applied
together to reduce the
contribution of parking lots
to the total impervious
cover is a lot.
From a storm water
perspective, application of
green parking techniqes in
the right combination can
dramatically reduce
impervious cover and
consequently, the amount
of storm water runoff.
smno 2010, lapangan parkir ppsub, kampus UB,
Kota Malang
Sumber: http://www.abbey-associates.com/splash-splash/picture_gallery.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN STREET
Urban transportation right-of-ways
integrated with green techniques are
often called “green streets”.
Green Streets achieve multiple
benefits, such as improved water
quality and more livable
communities, through the
integration of stormwater treatment
techniques which use natural
processes and landscaping.
Green streets can incorporate a wide
variety of design elements. Although
the design and appearance of green
streets will vary, the functional goals
are the same: provide source control
of stormwater, limit its transport and
pollutant conveyance to the
collection system, and provide
environmentally enhanced roads.
Sumber:
http://www.beachapedia.org/Green_Streets…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN STREET
Green Streets are designed to:
1. Mimic local hydrology prior to
development
2. Provide multiple benefits along the street
right of way including:
3. Integrated system of stormwater
management within the right of way
4. Volume reductions in stormwater which
reduce the volume of water discharged via
pipe into receiving streams, rivers and
larger bodies of water
5. Key linking component in community
efforts to develop local green
infrastructure networks
6. Aesthetic enhancement of the transit right
of way
7. Improves local air quality by providing
interception of airborne particulates and
shade for cooling
8. Enhanced economic development along
the transit corridor
9. Improved pedestrian experience along the
street right of way.
SMNO 2012, jalan raya di Kota Tulungagung, Jatim
Sumber: http://www.beachapedia.org/Green_Streets …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN TRANSPORT
Sustainable transport (or
green transport) refers
to any means of transport
with low impact on the
environment, and includes
non-motorised transport, i.e.
walking and cycling, transit
oriented development, green
vehicles, carsharing, and
building or protecting urban
transport systems that are
fuel-efficient, space-saving
and promote healthy
lifestyles.
Smno 2011, pejalan kaki di jl. Buring, Kota Malang,
Jatim
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transport …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN ECONOMY
Prinsip-prinsip Ekonomi Hijau:
1. The Primacy of Use-value, Intrinsic Value & Quality: This is the
fundamental principle of the green economy as a service economy,
focused on end-use, or human and environment needs. Matter is a means
to the end of satisfying real need, and can be radically conserved. Money
similarly must be returned to a status as a means to facilitate regenerative
exchanges, rather than an end in itself. When this is done in even a
significant portion of the economy, it can undercut the totalitarian power of
money in the entire economy.
2. Following Natural Flows: The economy moves like a proverbial sailboat in
the wind of natural processes by flowing not only with solar, renewable
and "negawatt" energy, but also with natural hydrological cycles, with
regional vegetation and food webs, and with local materials. As society
becomes more ecological, political and economic boundaries tend to
coincide with ecosystem boundaries. That is, it becomes bioregional.
3. Waste Equals Food: In nature there is no waste, as every process output is
an input for some other process. This principle implies not only a high
degree of organizational complementarity, but also that outputs and byproducts are nutritious and non-toxic enough to be food for something.
Sumber:
http://www.greeneconomics.net/what2f.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN ECONOMY
Prinsip-prinsip Ekonomi Hijau:
1. Elegance and Multifunctionality: Complex food webs are implied by the
previous principle--integrated relationships which are antithetical to
industrial society's segmentation and fragmentation. What Roberts &
Brandum (1995) call "economics with peripheral vision", this elegance
features "problem-solving strategies that develop multiple wins and
positive side-effects from any one set of actions".
2. Appropriate Scale / Linked Scale: This does not simply mean "small is
beautiful", but that every regenerative activity has its most appropriate
scale of operation. Even the smallest activities have larger impacts,
however, and truly ecological activity "integrates design across multiple
scales", reflecting influence of larger on smaller and smaller on larger (Van
der Ryn and Cowan, 1996).
3. Diversity: In a world of constant flux, health and stability seem to depend
on diversity. This applies to all levels (diversity of species, of ecosystems,
of regions), and to social as well as ecological organization.
Sumber: http://www.greeneconomics.net/what2f.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN ECONOMY
Prinsip-prinsip Ekonomi Hijau:
1. Self-Reliance, Self-Organization, Self-Design: Complex systems
necessarily rely on "nested hierarchies" of intelligence which coordinate
among themselves in a kind of resonant dance. These hierarchies are built
from the bottom up, and--in contrast to civilization's social hierarchies--the
base levels are the most important. In an economy which moves with
ecosystem processes, tremendous scope for local response, design and
adaptation must be provided--although these local and regional domains
must be attuned to larger processes. Self-reliance is not self-sufficiency,
but facilitates a more flexible and holistic interdependence.
1. Participation & Direct Democracy: To enable flexibility and resilience,
ecological economic design features a high "eyes to acres" ratio (Van der
Ryn & Cowan, 1996)--that is, lots of local observation and participation.
Conversely, ecological organization and new information/communications
technologies can provide the means for deeper levels of participation in
the decisions that count in society.
Sumber: http://www.greeneconomics.net/what2f.htm …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
GREEN ECONOMY
Prinsip-prinsip Ekonomi Hijau:
1. Human Creativity and Development: Displacing resources from
production and tuning into the spontaneous productivity of nature
requires tremendous creativity. It requires all-round human development
that entails great qualities of nurture. These are qualities of giving and
real service that have been suppressed (especially in men) by the social
and psychological conditioning of the industrial order. In green change,
the personal and political, the social and ecological, go hand-inhand. Social, aesthetic and spiritual capacities become central to attaining
economic efficiency, and become important goals in themselves.
2. The Strategic role of the Built-environment, the Landscape & Spatial
Design: As Permaculturalist Bill Mollison has emphasized, the greatest
efficiency gains can often be achieved by a simple spatial rearrangement
of system components. Elegant, mixed-use integrated design which
moves with nature is place-based. In addition, our buildings, in one way or
another, absorb around 40 per cent of materials and energy throughput in
North America. Thus, conservation and efficiency improvements in this
sector impact tremendously on the entire economy.
Sumber:
http://www.greeneconomics.net/what2f.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012
Integrating disciplines of ecological
economics
Sumber:
http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/NAON1Chapter11.1.aspx…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012