Download Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)

Objectives
Chapter Focus 2
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• summarize how the spread of Greek culture
influenced people from Gibraltar to India. 
• explain how Philip II of Macedonia gained
control of Greece. 
• discuss how Alexander tried to unify his
empire. 
• describe how Alexander’s empire changed
after his death.
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Chapter Focus 5
Why It’s Important
After the Greek city-states lost their independence, many
changes took place. The new rulers of Greece built empires
and increased trade. At the same time, they spread Greek
culture and customs. Before long, Greek ideas were
influencing people from Gibraltar to India.
The Greek language came to be spoken by many people.
Greek architecture was copied for new buildings. Students
studied Greek literature in school. People used Greek
furniture in their homes. Greek plays became a popular form
of entertainment. Business people took up Greek ways of
banking.
The period in which all this took place has come to be called
the Hellenistic Age. The term “Hellenistic”
means “like the Hellenes, or the Greeks.”
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Section 1-1
Philip II of Macedonia
• By 338 B.C. Greece had a new ruler,
Philip II of Macedonia. 
• Philip became ruler of Macedonia in
359 B.C. 
• In his youth he was held hostage–a person
held by an enemy until certain promises are
carried out–for three years in Thebes.
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Section 1-2
Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)
• Phillip learned… 
– to love Greek culture. 
– to dislike the weaknesses of the Greek form of
government. 
• It took him a little more than 20 years to
reach his goal of unifying the Greek citystates. 
– He changed the Macedonian army from part-time
volunteers to a year-round, well-organized group of
professionals.
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Section 1-3
Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)
– Phillip developed an infantry formation called a
phalanx, a solid body formed by foot soldiers 16
rows deep. 
– He armed his soldiers with spears that were twice
as long as most, and trained some with slingshots
and bows and arrows. 
– He flattered Greek officials and provoked
disagreements among the Greek city-states. 
– When the city-states were weak from fighting each
other, his army conquered them. 
– He used marriage as a way of forming political
alliances, or partnerships.
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Phalanx
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Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)
Section 1-4
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• Demosthenes, an Athenian orator, or public
speaker, tried unsuccessfully to warn the Greeks
that Philip was dangerous.
• Philippics: a series of speeches warning the
Greeks about the Macedonian menace to
Greek liberty
• Thebes and Athens tried to stop Philip’s
invasion into central Greece in 338 B.C. 
• The Greek army was defeated at the Battle of
Chaeronea. 
• Philip was killed in 336 B.C. while preparing for a
military campaign against Persia. 
• His son, Alexander, took over the throne.
Please describe two
achievements of Philip II.
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Section 2-1
Alexander the Great
• Alexander, an army commander since age 16,
took over Philip’s throne at age 20. 
• He had studied literature, political science,
geography, and biology with Aristotle for
three years. 
• Because of this, Alexander included
philosophers and scientists in his army. 
• He crushed the Persian Empire and marched
as far east as northern India without ever
losing a battle.
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Section 2-2
Alexander’s Empire
• Alexander believed that his dream of a worldwide state of peace could only be achieved by
uniting the Macedonians, the Greeks, and the
Persians. 
• He married a Persian woman and encouraged
his officers to do the same. 
• When he claimed to be a god, the
Macedonians and Greeks refused to treat him
as such.
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Section 2-3
Alexander’s Empire (cont.)
• The Greeks objected to equal treatment for
Persians and looked down on people who did
not speak Greek or follow Greek customs. 
• They called such people barbaroi, from which
the word “barbarians” comes. 
• Alexander’s attempt to achieve unity among
the people in his empire was not successful.
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Alexandria
Section 2-4
• Alexander founded about 70 cities, 16 of which
were named Alexandria after himself. 
• The most important of these cities was
Alexandria in Egypt. 
• It quickly became a center of trade and
learning. 
• The city had two great harbors dominated by
a lighthouse 400 feet tall. 
• The library at Alexandria held the largest
collection of books in ancient times.
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End of the Empire
Section 2-5
• In 323 B.C. Alexander became ill and died at the
age of 33. 
• After his death, fighting broke out over who
was to rule the empire. 
• The areas in India returned to their original
rulers.
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Section 2-6
End of the Empire (cont.)
• Three of Alexander’s generals divided the
rest of the empire among themselves. 
– Antigonus became king of Macedonia. 
– Ptolemy established the dynasty of the
Ptolemies in Egypt. 
– Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in Persia. 
• Athens and Sparta again became
independent, while other city-states banded
together into one of two leagues.
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Section 2-7
End of the Empire (cont.)
• Greek cultural influence, however, became
stronger than ever. 
• The cities that had been part of Alexander’s
empire now existed chiefly for trade. 
• City officials made their law, language, calendar,
culture, customs, and coins
Greek. 
• The Greek city-states regained their political
independence, but could not gain back the
power of the past.
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Section 2-8
End of the Empire (cont.)
• Great factories, or places where goods are
made, had been built in the new Hellenistic
cities. 
• Greek manufacturers could not compete with
these factories. 
• Many young Greeks emigrated, or left one place
to settle in another. 
• By 146 B.C., most of the Greek city-states were
under Roman control.
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