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and and Tissue culture What is tissue culture? What is tissue culture? blocksCells of life. areA the tissue building is a group blocksofof life. A tissue is a group of g a specifi similar c function cells performing and an organ a specifi is a c function and an organ is a ming agroup specifiofc tissues function. performing a specific function. Tissue culture involves the in vitro growth Tissueofculture cells or involves tissuesthe separate in vitrofrom growt an organism. The liquid or semi-solidanculture organism. media The must liquid beor maintained semi-solidatcu Xylem the correct temperature, pH and osmotic the correct potential temperature, and must contain pH and all osmotic the Phloem nutrients the particular cells require: amino nutrients acids, the glucose, particularminerals, cells require: growth amin factors, oxygen etc. The growth factors factors, used oxygen in these etc. media The growth are often factor Vascular derived from animal derived serum. from However, animal blood, this increases such asrisk calf s Tissueblood, such as calf of pathogen transmission and alternatives of pathogen have now transmission been developed. and alternative Ground The aim of tissue engineering is to repair The aim or replace of tissuewhole engineering tissues is such to repair as Tissue Xylemblood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, bone, etc. cartilage, Xylem ferentWhat types are ofthe tissue? different types of tissue? Cells are theand building blocks life.andAplants, tissue pes of tissue There inare both many animals different types plants,ofeach tissue in both of animals eachis a group of s. with very different similar cellsfunctions. performing a specific function and an organ is a main types In group humans, of tissue:of there are four main types of tissue: tissues performing a specific function. cells that Epithelial cover organ tissue surfaces – layers of such cells asthat the cover organ surfaces such as the the inner surface liningof ofthetheskin digestive or the tract. inner lining of the digestive tract. protection, Epithelial secretion, tissues andserve absorption. for protection, secretion, and absorption. Phloem Vascular Tissue Ground Tissue Phloem What are the different types of tissue? How Dermal doesTissue tissue culture Howwork? does tissue culture Dermal Tissue Vascular Thereconnects, are many types ofconnects, tissue inbinds bothoranimals name suggests, Connective tissue –binds asdifferent theorname separates suggests, separatesand plants, each ood and bone. tissues e.g. blood and bone. with and veryorgans different functions. Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue and Tissue culture Tissueits culture applications its application Fig.2 Usually the initial tissue sample isUsually minced,the and initial thentissue digested sample withisanmin Tissue enzyme such as trypsin to remove enzyme the extracellular such as trypsin matrix to that remove holds th the cells together. After that, the cells the cells are free together. floating, After and that, extracted the cells Ground using centrifugation. using centrifugation. Outline of plant tissue d groupsMuscle of cellstissue that can – specialised contract and groups exert of a cells that can contract and exert a In there four main types tissue: of tissue: hree type pulling of humans, muscle force.tissue: There smooth areare three muscle, type of muscle smooth muscle, Tissue Cells are then implanted or ‘seeded’Cells into are an artifi thencial implanted structure oror ‘seeded’ scaffoldinto r liningswhich of organs; is found skeletal in the muscle, inner linings which is of organs; skeletal muscle, which is The Skin The Epithelial tissue – layers of cells that cover organ surfaces such asSkin the that is capable of supporting a three-dimensional that is capabletissue. of supporting a three-dim ones andattached facilitates to movement; articulated bones and cardiac and facilitates movement; and cardiac The skin is the body’s largest organ. The It skin is made is the up body’s of layers largest of epithelial organ. It is made up of layers of epithelial surface of thetissue skin orheart. the inner lining of the digestive tract. of the heart. muscle – the muscle of the If cultured tissues are to be used for If cultured tissue reconstruction, tissues are tothe be scaffolds used for tis tissues. tissues. Epithelial tissues serve for protection, secretion, and absorption. must be biocompatible; it is also desirable must beDermal that biocompatible; they Tissue be absorbed it is also bydesira the ming the Nervous brain, spinal tissue –cord cellsand forming peripheral the brain, spinal cord and peripheral The skin consists of three primary layers: The skin the consists epidermis, of three which primary acts as layers: a the epidermis, which acts as a surrounding tissues and not require surrounding surgical removal. tissues The and scaffold not require should surg of neurons, nervous whichsystem. transmit It consists electricalofimpulses which transmit electrical impulses Connective tissue – as neurons, the name suggests, connects, binds or the separates barrier to moisture and infection; barrier dermis, to moisture which cushions and infection; the body the dermis, which cushions the body degrade at roughly the same rate asdegrade the newat tissue roughly develops. the same rate as the non-neuronal and neuroglia, cells that which aid and are participate non-neuronal in cells that aid and participate in from stress and strain and contains from the stress nails, and hair strain follicles, and sebaceous contains the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous tissues and organs e.g. blood and bone. s aroundthe therapid body.transfer of signals around the body. glands etc; and the hypodermis (also glands called etc;the andsubcutaneous the hypodermis (also called thetissue subcutaneous tissue), Fig.2 tissue), Outline of plant What are the applications Whatofare tissue the application culture? Muscle tissue – specialised groupswhich of cells can contract and exert aas insulation acts that as insulation and protects which the acts internal organs from andvariations protects the internal organs from variations One of the most important therapeutic Oneapplications of the most of important tissue culture therapeutic is in a in temperature. temperature. pulling force. There are three type of muscle tissue: smoothin muscle, skin grafting for patients with seriousskin burns. grafting Burns forare patients traditionally with serious treatedbur which is found in the inner liningsAsofone organs; skeletal which is of the body’s majormuscle, organs,As the one skinofhas the abody’s significant majorrole organs, to play the skin has a significant role to play by taking a thin layer of skin fromby antaking undamaged a thin layer area of known skin as from thean in homeostasis the maintenance ofinthe homeostasis internal environment – the maintenance of the body of the internal environment of the body attached to articulated bones and facilitates –movement; and cardiac donor site, and placing it on burn area. donorInsite, cases andofplacing severeitburns on burn there area The is the body’s largest organ. It is made up of layers of epithelial in a suitable state for efficient tissuein cell a suitable metabolism. stateItfor plays effi cient an skin important tissue cell metabolism. It plays an important muscle – the muscle tissue of the heart. may be few donor sites. Skin graftsmay frombeother few donor peoplesites. – allografts Skin grafts – canfrom role in temperature regulation and isrole alsoinpartly temperature responsible regulation for protecting and is also partly responsible for protecting tissues. be used as temporary dressings, but beare used eventually as temporary rejected. dressings, but ar the brain, body against pathogens. Whenperipheral the thebody skin is against damaged pathogens. throughWhen cuts or the skin is damaged through cuts or Nervous tissue – cells forming the spinal cord and In the mid-1970s, researchers at Harvard In the mid-1970s, University discovered researchers at Harvar they burns the risk of infection is greatlyburns increased. the risk Skin of infection tissue that is has greatly been increased. Skin tissue that has been The skin consists of three primary layers: the epidermis, which acts asthat a nervous system. neurons, which transmit impulses CONNECTIVE EPITHELIAL TISSUE TISSUE It consists of EPITHELIAL TISSUE could achieveasgrowth couldofachieve dermalgrowth cells inand vitroproliferation in order damaged beyond repairelectrical must be removed damaged and beyond replaced repairasmust quickly be removed as and replaced quicklyand as proliferation barrier to moisture and infection; the dermis, which cushions the body and neuroglia, which are non-neuronal cells that aidprotective and participate in a time to produce a keratinising, to produce skin epithelium. a keratinising, Keratin transplantab is the possible by a suitable layer possible until such by suitable as new protective skin grows layer until such time as new skin growstransplantable from grafted stress toand strain contains theprotein nails,found hair follicles, sebaceous tough,and insoluble fibrous tough, ininsoluble skin, hair fibrous and nails. proteinIt foun is is cultured cultured underlying and surgically tissue. the underlying tissue. the rapid transfer of signals aroundorthe body. and surgically graftedortoisthe glands etc; and the (also calledinthe thehypodermis structural matrix of keratin the the subcutaneous structural epidermismatrix that makes oftissue), keratin the in skin the The epidermis provides a relativelyThe dryepidermis and impermeable provides barrier a relatively to fluiddry and impermeable barrier to fluid almost and waterproof. almost waterproof. which acts as insulation protects the internal organs from variations loss. Loss of this function in burnsloss. contributes Loss ofto this thefunction massive inflburns uid loss contributes to the massive fluid loss in temperature. The Harvard researchers were ableThe to expand Harvarda researchers small sample were of skin abletoto e and consequent dehydration. and consequent dehydration. over 10,000 times its original size over in a short 10,000time, times making its original the process size in a As one of the Hair body’s majorfororgans, the skinfrom hassevere, a signifi role to play Hair Folicle Folicle valuable patients suffering valuable third forcant patients degree burns, suffering where fromthe seve MUSCLE NERVOUS TISSUE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE for skin grafting low. potential for skin grafting is low. in homeostasis – thepotential maintenance of theisinternal environment of the body The Skin sues foundFig. In humans 1 Four main types of tissues found In humans BURN DEPTH 1˚ BU RN D E PTH 1˚ d into three Plant broad tissues tissue cantypes, be divided whichinto together three broad tissue types, which together mass. are often referred to as biomass. CONNECTIVE TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE 3˚ ost layerDermal of cellstissue forming – the theoutermost outer surface layerofof cells forming the outer surface of g plant body. the leaves and of the young plant body. s of cells Vascular that transport tissue – flconsists uid and nutrients of cells that transport fluid 3˚ and nutrients ary components within the of plant. vascular Thetissue primary arecomponents xylem of vascular tissue are xylem 4˚ and phloem. 3˚ 3˚ 4˚ SKIN LAYE R SKIN LAYE R in a suitable state for efficient tissue plays anthe important Further work over thecell past metabolism. thirty years FurtherItwork over past thirty years led toEpidermis advances the cell growth has led to advances in the cell growth role in temperature has regulation and isinalso partly responsible for protecting process, reducing thethe amount process, reducing the amount the body against pathogens. When skinofistime damaged through cuts orof time it takes to culture the skin, while it takes to culture the skin, while Dermis Dermis burns the risk of infection is greatly increased. Skin tissue that has been increasing the amount and size of the increasing the amount and size of the damaged beyond repair be removed and replaced as quickly grafts must available. Because these grafts available. Becauseasthese are protective autologous cells aretime autologous patient’s possible by a suitable layer(the untilpatient’s such as newcells skin(the grows Subcutaneous Subcutaneous Layer Layer the risk of own cells), own cells), the risk of rejection or is cultured and surgically grafted to therejection underlying tissue. Epidermis and Muscle hose primary Ground function tissue – istissue the manufacture whose primary function is the manufacture nthesis; ofit nutrients can also by andphotosynthesis; store nutrients.it can also and store nutrients. Sweat Gland from the Ground meristem tissueand develops consistsfrom of the meristem and consists of the Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning and sclerenchyma parenchyma, cells. collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. MUSCLE TISSUE pathogen Muscle transmission with and pathogen transmission on patients who have burns covering on patients whograft have burns covering Fig.4 Skin more than 30% of their bodies. more than 30% of their bodies. Hair Folicle NERVOUS TISSUE BURN DE PTH Fig. 1 Four main types of tissues found In humans SKIN LAYER Epidermis 1˚ Plant tissues can be divided into three broad tissue types, which together are often referred to as biomass. Dermis 3˚ Dermal tissue – the outermost layer of cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. Vascular tissue – consists of cells that transport fluid and nutrients within the plant. The primary components of vascular tissue are xylem and phloem. Ground tissue – tissue whose primary function is the manufacture of nutrients by photosynthesis; it can also and store nutrients. Ground tissue develops from the meristem and consists of the parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. with autografts is low. autografts is low. The epidermis provides a relatively dry and impermeable barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function in burns contributes to the massive fluidasloss This process is known as cultured This process is known cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used and consequent Sweat Glanddehydration. Subcutaneous Layer 3˚ Muscle 4˚ Sweat Gland Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning and and SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SECOND EDITION EDITION ACTION THIRD AND its applications IN and Tissue culture Tissueits culture applications its application What is tissue culture? What is tissue culture? blocksCells of life. areA the tissue building is a group blocksofof life. A tissue is a group of g a specifi similar c function cells performing and an organ a specifi is a c function and an organ is a ming agroup specifiofc tissues function. performing a specific function. Xylem Phloem ferentWhat types are ofthe tissue? different types of tissue? What is tissue culture? pes of tissue Thereinare both many animals different and types plants,ofeach tissue in both animals and plants, each s. with very different functions. Tissue culture involves the in vitro growth of cells or tissues separate from main types In humans, oforganism. tissue: thereThe are liquid four main of tissue: an or types semi-solid culture media must be maintained at the correct temperature, pH and osmotic and as must cells that Epithelial cover organ tissue surfaces – layers of such cells asthat the cover organpotential surfaces such the contain all the the inner surface liningofthe ofthe theskin digestive or cells the tract. inner lining of acids, the digestive tract. nutrients particular require: amino glucose, minerals, growth protection, Epithelial secretion, tissues andserve absorption. for protection, secretion, and absorption. factors, oxygen etc. The growth factors used in these media are often name suggests, Connective connects, tissue –binds as the orname separates suggests, connects, binds or separates derived from animal blood, such as calf serum. However, this increases risk ood and bone. tissues and organs e.g. blood and bone. Vascular Tissue Ground Tissue Dermal Tissue Tissue culture involves the in vitro growth Tissueofculture cells or involves tissuesthe separate in vitrofrom growt an organism. The liquid or semi-solidanculture organism. media The must liquid beor maintained semi-solidatcu Xylem the correct temperature, pH and osmotic the correct potential temperature, and must contain pH and all osmotic the Phloem nutrients the particular cells require: amino nutrients acids, the glucose, particularminerals, cells require: growth amin factors, oxygen etc. The growth factors factors, used oxygen in these etc. media The growth are often factor Vascular derived from animal derived serum. from However, animal blood, this increases such asrisk calf s Tissueblood, such as calf of pathogen transmission and alternatives of pathogen have now transmission been developed. and alternative Ground The aim of tissue engineering is to repair The aim or replace of tissuewhole engineering tissues is such to repair as Tissue bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, bone, etc. cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, How Dermal doesTissue tissue culture Howwork? does tissue culture Usually the initial tissue sample isUsually minced,the and initial thentissue digested sample withisanmin Genzyme is one ofenzyme the world’s leading biotechnology companies such as trypsin to remove enzyme the extracellular such as trypsin matrix to that remove holds th with more than 9000 employees. The that, company’s goal is to make the cells together. After the cells the cells are free together. floating, After and that, extracted the cells Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue d groupsMuscle of cellstissue that can – specialised contract and groups exert of a cells that can contract and exert a using centrifugation. using centrifugation. a major positive impact on the lives of people with debilitating The aim of tissue repairtissue: or replace tissues such as hree type pulling of muscle force. tissue: There engineering smooth are three muscle, type is ofto muscle smoothwhole muscle, diseases. The company and produces innovative Cells are thendesigns implanted or ‘seeded’ Cells into are an artifi then cial implanted structure oror ‘seeded’ scaffoldinto r liningsbone, which of organs; iscartilage, found skeletal in the muscle, innervessels, linings which is of bladder, organs; skeletal muscle, which is blood etc. The Skin The Skin is capable of supporting three-dimensional that is capable of supporting a three-dim solutions for majorthat unmet medical needsaof patients with tissue. genetic ones andattached facilitates to movement; articulated bones and cardiac and facilitates movement; and cardiac The skin is the body’s largest organ. The It skin is made is the up body’s of layers largest of epithelial organ. It is made up of layers of epithelial of the heart. muscle – the muscle tissue of the heart. and chronic debilitating diseases. Genzyme a product forare the If cultured tissues are to be usedhas for If cultured tissue reconstruction, tissues tothe be scaffolds used for tis tissues. tissues. How does tissue treatment of patients severe skinit burns. Itmust is grown from mustwith be biocompatible; is also desirable bethat biocompatible; they be the absorbed it is also bydesira the ming the Nervous brain, spinal tissue –cord cells and forming peripheral theculture brain, spinal work? cord and peripheral The skin consists of three primary layers: The skin the consists epidermis, of three which primary acts as layers: a the epidermis, which acts as a surgical removal. tissues The and scaffold not require should surg of neurons, nervous whichsystem. transmit It consists electrical ofimpulses neurons, which transmit electrical impulses patients own skin.surrounding tissues and not require surrounding Usually the initial tissue sample is minced, and then digested with an barrier to moisture and infection; the barrier dermis, to moisture which cushions and infection; the body the dermis, which cushions the body degrade at roughly the same rate asdegrade the newat tissue roughly develops. the same rate as the non-neuronal and neuroglia, cells that which aid and are participate non-neuronal in cells that aid and participate in enzyme such as trypsin to removefrom the stress extracellular matrix thatfrom holds and strain and contains the stress nails, and hair strain follicles, and sebaceous contains the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous Genzyme was founded in 1981 and has grown from a small starts aroundthe therapid body.transfer of signals around the body. glands andflthe hypodermis (also glands called etc;the andsubcutaneous the hypodermis tissue), (also called the subcutaneous tissue), the cells together. After that, the cells areetc; free oating, and extracted upand business to a diversifi ed enterprise with turnover excess of What are the applications Whatofin are tissue the application culture? which acts as insulation and protects which the acts internal as insulation organs from variations protects the internal organs from variations using centrifugation. $3 billion. Since its foundation, Genzyme has introduced a of pathogen transmission and alternatives have now been developed. in temperature. in temperature. One of the most important therapeutic Oneapplications of the most of important tissue culture therapeutic is in a skin grafting for patientsin with seriousskin burns. grafting Burns forare patients traditionally with serious treatedbur number of break-through treatments several areas of medicine, Cells are then implanted or ‘seeded’ As into anofartifi cial structure or scaffold one the body’s major organs, As theone skinofhas the abody’s significant majorrole organs, to play the skin has a significant role to play by takingto a thin layer ofthroughout skin fromby antaking undamaged a thin layer area known skin as from thean which patients the world whoof that is capable of supporting a three-dimensional in homeostasis –tissue. the maintenance ofinthe homeostasis internal environment – the maintenance of thehave body of thegiven internalhope environment of the body donor site, and placing it on burn area. donorInsite, cases andofplacing severeitburns on burn there area previously had no may viable treatment options. in a suitable state for efficient tissuein cell a suitable metabolism. stateItfor plays effi cient an important tissue cell metabolism. It plays an important be few donor sites. Skin graftsmay frombeother few donor peoplesites. – allografts Skin grafts – canfrom If cultured tissues are to be used forrole tissue reconstruction, in temperature regulationthe andscaffolds isrole alsoinpartly temperature responsible regulation for protecting and is also partly responsible for protecting be used as temporary dressings, but beare used eventually as temporary rejected. dressings, but ar Genzyme Ireland was established the bodythat against pathogens. Whenthe the skin damaged pathogens. through When cuts or the skin is damaged through cuts or in Waterford in 2001. must be biocompatible; it is also desirable they be absorbed bybody theisagainst In the mid-1970s, researchers at Harvard In the mid-1970s, University discovered researchers that at Harvar they burns the risk of infection is greatlyburns increased. the risk Skin of infection tissueThe that is has greatly been increased. Skin tissue that has been Waterford facility is involved in manufacturing a tablet surrounding tissues and not require surgical CONNECTIVE EPITHELIAL TISSUE TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUEremoval. The scaffold should could achieveasgrowth couldofachieve dermalgrowth cells inand vitroproliferation in order damaged beyond repair must be removed damagedand beyond replaced repairasmust quickly be removed as and replaced quicklyand as proliferation medicine used in the treatment of kidney dialysis patients all over degrade at roughly the same rate as the newbytissue develops. to produce a keratinising, to produce skin epithelium. a keratinising, Keratin transplantab is the possible a suitable protective layer possible until such by a time suitable as new protective skin grows layer until such time as new skin growstransplantable the world. tough, insoluble tough, ininsoluble skin, hair fibrous and nails. proteinIt foun is or is cultured and surgically graftedortoisthe cultured underlying and surgically tissue. grafted to the underlying tissue. fibrous protein found the structural matrix of keratin in the the structural epidermismatrix that makes of keratin the in skin the The epidermis provides aculture? relativelyThe dryepidermis and impermeable provides barrier a2005, relatively to flGenzyme uiddry and impermeable barrier to fluid In expanded its Manufacturing Process Research What are the applications of tissue almost waterproof. almost waterproof. loss. Loss of this function in burnsloss. contributes Loss ofto this thefunction massiveinflburns uid loss contributes to the massive fluid loss and Development facility at Waterford to support clinical trial One of the most important therapeutic of tissue culture is in The Harvard researchers were ableThe to expand Harvarda researchers small sample were of skin abletoto e andapplications consequent dehydration. and consequent dehydration. product manufacture. This development facility allows Genzyme over 10,000 times its original size over in a short 10,000time, times making its original the process size in a skin grafting for patients with serious burns. Burns are traditionally treated to expand its Hair capability tofor produce clinicalfrom supplies in sachet Folicle Folicle valuable patients suffering severe, valuable third for patients degreeand burns, suffering where fromthe seve by taking a thin layer of skin from an undamaged area known asHairthe MUSCLE NERVOUS TISSUE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE for skin grafting low. potential for skin grafting is low. liquid form, on toppotential of the current tabletisform. donor site, and placing it on burn area. In cases of severe burns there BURN BU RN SKIN LAYE R SKIN LAYE R DEPTH over the past thirty years work over the past thirty years sues found Fig. In humans 1be Four main types of tissuesSkin foundgrafts In humans may few donor sites. from other people – allografts – canD E PTH Epidermis The Waterford siteFurther alsowork has a facility where Further biological proteins Epidermis has led to advances in the cell growth has led to advances in the cell growth 1˚ 1˚ be used as temporary dressings, but are eventually rejected. and enzymes are formulated, fi lled and fi nished. These dosage process, reducing the amount of time process, reducing the amount of time d into three Plant broad tissues tissue cantypes, be divided whichinto together three broad tissue types, which together forms are sterile and filledtointo vials the thatskin, are administered as small it takes culture while it takes to culture the skin, while mass. In arethe often referred to as biomass. Dermis Dermis mid-1970s, researchers at Harvard University discovered that they increasing amount and size of the increasing amountat and size of the volume parenterals. The the products processed in thistheplant 3˚ 3˚ ost layercould Dermal of cellstissue forming – the the outermost outer surface layer ofof cells forming outer surface of vitro in order achieve growth and proliferation ofthe dermal cells in grafts available. Because these grafts available. Because these Waterford are focused on treatment of rare genetic disorders as g plant body. the produce leaves and aof keratinising, the young planttransplantable body. to skin epithelium. Keratin is the are autologous cells (the patient’s are autologous cells (the patient’s Subcutaneous Subcutaneous Layer well as transplant and Layer thediseases. own immune cells), risk of rejection own cells), the risk of rejection tough, insoluble brous protein found influid skin, hair and nails. It is 3˚ s of cells Vascular that transport tissue – flconsists uid fiand nutrients of cells that transport 3˚ and nutrients and pathogen transmission with and pathogen transmission with Muscle Muscle ary components withinstructural the of plant. vascular The tissue primary arecomponents xylem vascular tissue are xylem the matrix of keratin in ofthe epidermis that makes the skin 4˚ 4˚ autografts is low. autografts is low. and phloem. almost waterproof. This process is known as cultured This process is known as cultured hose primary Ground function tissue – istissue the manufacture whose primary function is the manufacture For more information on the work Genzyme check epithelial autograft (CEA) and isof used epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used Harvard researchers were to expand a small sample ofSweat skin to nthesis; The ofit nutrients can also by and photosynthesis; store nutrients. it able can also and store nutrients. Gland Sweat Gland on patients who have burns covering on patients whograft have burns covering Fig.4 Skin www.genzyme.ie or www.sta.ie from the Ground meristem tissueand develops consists from of the size meristem and consists of the the process over 10,000 times its original in Fig.3 a short time, making Skin showing levels of burning Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning more than 30% of their bodies. more than 30% of their bodies. and sclerenchyma parenchyma, cells. collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. third degree burns, where the valuable for patients suffering from severe, potential for skin grafting is low. Further work over the past thirty years has led to advances in the cell growth process, reducing the amount of time it takes to culture the skin, while increasing the amount and size of the grafts available. Because these are autologous cells (the patient’s own cells), the risk of rejection and pathogen transmission with autografts is low. This process is known as cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used on patients who have burns covering more than 30% of their bodies. What are other applications of tissue culture and engineering? Once damaged, articular cartilage in joints such as the knees and hips, does not have the ability to regenerate itself. Cartilage cells, known as chondrocytes, can now be cultured and used in treating damaged articular cartilage of the knee, in a process known as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Fig.4 Skin graft In 2006, tissue engineering was used to produce seven artificially grown bladders, which were implanted into patients. and and Tissue culture and Tissue culture Tissueits culture applications its application What is tissue culture? What is tissue culture? blocksCells of life. areA the tissue building is a group blocksofof life. A tissue is a group of g a specifi similar c function cells performing and an organ a specifi is a c function and an organ is a ming agroup specifiofc tissues function. performing a specific function. Tissue culture involves the in vitro growth Tissueofculture cells or involves tissuesthe separate in vitrofrom growt an organism. The liquid or semi-solidanculture organism. media The must liquid beor maintained semi-solidatcu Xylem the correct temperature, pH and osmotic the correct potential temperature, and must contain pH and all osmotic the Phloem Phloem nutrients the particular cells require: amino nutrients acids, the glucose, particularminerals, cells require: growth amin factors, oxygen etc. The growth factors factors, used oxygen in these etc. media The growth are often factor Vascular Certificate Science Vascular Junior derived from animal derived serum. from However, animal blood, this increases such asrisk calf s Tissue Tissueblood, such as calf of pathogen transmission and alternatives pathogen have transmission been developed. and alternative OB47 – Carry out simple activities to show theofpath of now water through Ground Ground plant tissue, and show thatof water evaporates the oftissues a leafis The aim tissue engineering is tofrom repair The aim or replace ofsurface tissuewhole engineering such to repair as Tissue Tissue by transpiration bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, bone, etc. cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, Xylem ferentWhat types are ofthe tissue? different types of tissue? Syllabus Reference pes of tissue Thereinare both many animals different and types plants,ofeach tissue in both animals and plants, each s. with very different functions. Certifi cate main types InLeaving humans, of tissue: there are four mainBiology types of tissue: Unit 1.3.6 – surfaces Structural role of biomolecules cells that Epithelial cover organ tissue – layers of such cells asthat the cover organ surfaces such as the the inner surface of ofthe theskin digestive or the tract. inner lining of the digestive tract. Unitlining 2.1.2 – Cell structure and function. protection, Epithelial secretion, tissues andserve absorption. for protection, secretion, and absorption. Dermal Tissue Unit 2.4.1 – Tissues; Unit 2.4.2 – Organs; Unit 2.4.3 – Organ Systems. How Dermal doesTissue tissue culture Howwork? does tissue culture Usually the initial tissue sample isUsually minced,the and initial thentissue digested sample withisanmin True/False Questions name suggests, Connective connects, tissue –binds asExcretory theorname separates suggests, binds or separates Unit 3.4.6 – The Systemconnects, in the Human ood and bone. tissues and organs e.g. blood and bone. enzyme such as trypsin to remove enzyme the extracellular such as trypsin matrix to that remove holds th the cells After10that, the cells the cells are free together. floating, After that, the cells 12 cells? Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue Fig.2 Outline of plant (a)tissue The average human bodytogether. contains Tand F extracted Junior cateand Science d groupsMuscle of cellstissue thatCertifi can – specialised contract groups exert of a cells that can contract and exert a using centrifugation. using centrifugation. hree type pulling of muscle force. tissue: There smooth are three muscle, typethat of muscle tissue: smooth muscle, (b) The three types of plant tissue are together Section OB46 – understand the xylem transports water and minerals Cells are then implanted or ‘seeded’Cells into are an artifi thencial implanted structure oror ‘seeded’ scaffoldinto r liningswhich of organs; is found skeletal in the muscle, inner linings which is of organs; skeletal muscle, which is The Skin The Skin referred to as biomass? T F a three-dim infacilitates the plant and thatand thecardiac phloem transports food that is capable of supporting a three-dimensional that is capabletissue. of supporting ones andattached to movement; articulated bones and facilitates movement; and cardiac The skin is the body’s largest organ. The It skin is made is the up body’s of layers largest of epithelial organ. It is made up of layers of epithelial of the heart. muscle – the muscle tissue of the heart. (c) The skin is composed of four primary layers? F scaffolds If cultured tissues are to be used for If cultured tissue reconstruction, tissues are T tothe be used for tis tissues. tissues. must be biocompatible; must bethat biocompatible; they be absorbed bydesira the ming the Nervous brain, spinal tissue –cord cellsand forming peripheral the brain, spinal cord and peripheral (d) “In vitro” means “inside the body”? it is also desirable T it Fis also The skin consists of three primary layers: The skin the consists epidermis, of three which primary acts as layers: a the epidermis, which acts as a surrounding tissues and not require surrounding surgical removal. tissues The and scaffold not require should surg of neurons, nervous whichsystem. transmit It consists electricalofimpulses neurons, which transmit electrical impulses barrier to moisture and infection; the barrier dermis, to moisture which cushions and infection; the body the dermis, which cushions the body (e) The culturing of tissue pieces is known as implant culture? T F degrade at roughly the same rate asdegrade the newat tissue roughly develops. the same rate as the non-neuronal and neuroglia, cells that which aid and are participate non-neuronal in cells that aid and participate in from stress and strain and contains from the stress nails, and hair strain follicles, and sebaceous contains the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous s aroundthe therapid body.transfer of signals around the body. A growth medium cansubcutaneous be liquid, solid T F glands etc; and the hypodermis (also glands called etc;the andsubcutaneous the(f) hypodermis tissue), (also called the tissue),or semi-solid? On completing this section, the student will be able to: What areenzyme the applications Whatofare tissue the application culture? which acts as insulation and protects which the acts internal as insulation organs andvariations protects theexample internal organs variations (g)from Trypsin is an of anfrom used to dissolve One of the most important therapeutic Oneapplications of the most of important tissue culture therapeutic is in a in temperature. in temperature. • Define the terms cell; tissue; organ the extracellular matrix? Twith F serious skin grafting for patients with seriousskin burns. grafting Burns forare patients traditionally treatedbur As one of the body’s major organs, As the one skin of has the a body’s signifi cant major role organs, to play the skin has a signifi cant role to play • Explain the structure and function of the skin by taking a thin layer of skin of from antaking undamaged a thin layer area Tof known skin as from thean (h) Biodegradability is not a useful property a by scaffold? F in homeostasis – the maintenance ofinthe homeostasis internal environment – the maintenance of the body of the internal environment of the body donor site, and placing it on burn area. donorInsite, cases andofplacing severeitburns on burn there area • Define the term tissue culture in a suitable state for efficient tissueincell a suitable metabolism. stateItfor plays effi cient an important tissue cell metabolism. It plays an important (i) Culture conditions must bedonor exactly same may be few sites.the Skin graftsmay frombeother few donor peoplesites. – allografts Skin grafts – canfrom role in temperature regulation and is role also in partly temperature responsible regulation for protecting and is also partly responsible for protecting • Name the tools used in tissue culture for each cell type? T F be used as temporary dressings, but beare used eventually as temporary rejected. dressings, but ar the body against pathogens. Whenthe thebody skin is against damaged pathogens. throughWhen cuts or the skin is damaged through cuts or • Name two therapeutic application of the tissue culture InSkin the mid-1970s, researchers at Harvard In the mid-1970s, University discovered researchers at Harvar they burns risk of infection is greatlyburns increased. the risk Skin of infection tissue is has greatly been increased. tissue that has (j) that Epidermal cells are also known as been keratinocytes? T F that CONNECTIVE EPITHELIAL TISSUE TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE could achieveasgrowth couldofachieve dermalgrowth cells inand vitroproliferation in order damaged beyond repair must be removed damagedand beyond replaced repairasmust quickly be removed as and replaced quicklyand as proliferation • Explain in detail one applicationpossible of tissue engineering (k)new Skin own cells? TKeratin Ftransplantab to the produce a keratinising, transplantable to produce skin epithelium. a keratinising, is the by a suitable protective layer possible until such by a time suitable as protective skinallografts grows layer untiluse such timepatient’s as new skin grows tough, insoluble tough, ininsoluble skin, hair fibrous and proteinIt foun is or is cultured and surgically graftedortoisthe cultured underlying and surgically tissue. grafted is to the underlying tissue. fibrous protein found (l) Cartilage self-regenerative? T Fnails. the structural matrix of keratin in the the structural epidermismatrix that makes of keratin the in skin the The epidermis provides a relativelyThe dryepidermis and impermeable provides barrier a relatively to fluiddry and impermeable barrier to fluid almost waterproof. almost waterproof. loss. Loss of this function in burnsloss. contributes Loss ofto this thefunction massive in fl burns uid loss contributes to the massive fl uid loss Check your answers to these questions on www.sta.ie The Harvard researchers were ableThe to expand Harvarda researchers small sample were of skin abletoto e and consequent dehydration. and consequent dehydration. over 10,000 times its original size over in a short 10,000time, times making its original the process size in a • A tissue is a group of cells performing a particular function Hair Folicle Hair Folicle valuable for patients suffering from severe, valuablethird for patients degree burns, suffering where fromthe seve NERVOUS TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE potential for skin grafting is low. potential for skin grafting is low. •MUSCLE FourTISSUE main types of tissue – epithelial, connective, muscle and Learning Outcomes General Learning Points nervous sues foundFig. In humans 1 Four maintissue types of tissues found In humans BURN DEPTH BU RN D E PTH 1˚ • Skin is made up of three layers of epithelial tissues – epidermis, 1˚ d into three Plant broad tissues tissue cantypes, be divided whichinto together three broad tissue types, which together dermis andtohypodermis mass. are often referred as biomass. •of cells Tissue is surface thelayer growth offorming tissues from ost layerDermal tissue forming –culture the theoutermost outer ofof cells theseparate outer surface of under controlled g plant body. the leaves and of the youngconditions plant body. 3˚ an organism 3˚ s of cells Vascular transport tissueengineering – flconsists uid and nutrients ofcan cellsbe that transport fluid nutrients portions •thatTissue used to repair or replace 3˚ and ary components withinwhole the of plant. vascular Thetissue primary arecomponents xylem of vascular tissue are xylem tissues 4˚ and phloem. of or 3˚ 4˚ • Scaffolds are the structures that allow 3-D tissue formation Examination Questions SKIN LAYE R SKIN LAYE R Further work over the past thirty years Further work over the past thirty years has led toEpidermis advances in the cell growth has led to advances in the cell growth 2007 Leaving Certifi cate Higher Level process, reducing the amount of time process, reducing the amount of time it takes to culture skin, while it takes to culture the skin, while The diagrams represent twoDermis forms of athe vascular Dermis the amount and size of the increasing the amount and size of the plant tissue, as seenincreasing under the microscope. grafts available. Because these grafts available. Because these are autologous cells (the patient’s are autologous cells (the patient’s Subcutaneous Subcutaneous (a) Name this vascular tissue Layer Layer the risk of own cells), rejection own cells), the risk of rejection ……………………………………........…. and pathogen transmission with and pathogen transmission with Muscle Muscle autografts is low. autografts is low. Epidermis (b) Identify the two forms of this tissue. This process is known as cultured This process is known as cultured hose primary Ground function tissue – istissue the manufacture whose primary function is the manufacture epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used A ………………………………………….. Basic requirements be nthesis; of• it nutrients can alsocell by andphotosynthesis; store nutrients.it e.g. can oxygen, also and pH, storeosmosis nutrients. etc. must Sweat Gland Sweat Gland on patients who have burns covering on patients whograft have burns covering Fig.4 Skin B …………………………………............. from the Ground meristem tissueand develops consists from of the meristem and consists of the maintained in culture Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning Fig.3 Skin showing levels of burning more than 30% of their bodies. more than 30% of their bodies. and sclerenchyma parenchyma, cells. collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. • Tissue engineering has enabled skin grafting in patients with severe burns • Cultured epithelial autografts have low potential for rejection and disease transmission Student Activity Mandatory Experiment: Leaving Certificate Biology Unit 2.1.2 Prepare and examine one animal cell and one plant cell (e.g. own cheek cells, onion cells, Elodea leaf, potato tissue and moss) unstained and stained using the light microscope (×100, ×400). Unit 3.2.1 Prepare and examine microscopically the transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem (×100, ×400). (c) The walls of A and B are reinforced with a hard material. Name this material ...................................................... (d) Where precisely is this vascular tissue found in the stem of a young dicotyledonous plant? ......................................................................... (e) Name another vascular tissue ........................................................... 2006 Leaving Certificate Higher Level The diagram shows part of a transverse section through a dicotyledonous stem. (i) Copy the diagram into your answer book and identify each of the following by placing the appropriate letter on your diagram: phloem P, ground tissue G, xylem X, dermal tissue D. (ii) In which of the tissues that you have identified are sugars mainly transported? and and SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SECOND EDITION EDITION ACTION THIRD AND its applications IN and Tissue culture Tissueits culture applications its application What is tissue culture? What is tissue culture? blocksCells of life. areA the tissue building is a group blocksofof life. A tissue is a group of g a specifi similar c function cells performing and an organ a specifi is a c function and an organ is a ming agroup specifiofc tissues function. performing a specific function. Xylem Phloem ferentWhat types are ofthe tissue? different types of tissue? 2004 Leaving Certifi cate Higher Leveland plants, each pes of tissue Thereinare both many animals different and types plants, ofeach tissue in both animals Tissue culture involves the in vitro growth Tissueofculture cells or involves tissuesthe separate in vitrofrom growt an organism. The liquid or semi-solidanculture organism. media The must liquid beor maintained semi-solidatcu Xylem the correct temperature, pH and osmotic the correct potential temperature, and must contain pH and all osmotic the Phloem nutrients the particular cells require: amino nutrients acids, the glucose, particularminerals, cells require: growth amin factors, oxygen etc. The growth factors factors, used oxygen in these etc. media The growth are often factor Vascular derived from animal derived serum. from However, animal blood, this increases such asrisk calf s Tissueblood, such as calf of pathogen transmission and alternatives of pathogen have now transmission been developed. and alternative Ground (1850–1924) The aim of tissue engineering is to repair The aim or replace of tissuewhole engineering tissues is such to repair as Tissue bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, bone, etc. cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, Vascular Biographical Notes Tissue s. with very different Cardiac musclefunctions. may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning theare underlined term. main types In humans, of tissue:of there four main types of tissue: Ground Wilhelm Roux Tissue Roux was born and educated in Jena, in Thuringia, Germany. His special interest, which he called developmental mechanics, was Dermal Tissue Dermal Tissue doestissues tissue culture How doesform tissue the process by whichHow embryonic develop their work? special and culture Explain the following terms: translocation, transpiration, transpiration Usually the initial tissue sample isUsually minced,the and initial thentissue digested sample withisanmin name suggests, Connective connects, tissue –binds as theorname separates suggests, connects, binds or separates function. In studying twoand four-cell frog embryos he found that stream. Name the principal tissue involved in (i) translocation, (ii) the enzyme such as trypsin to remove enzyme the extracellular such as trypsin matrix to that remove holds th ood and bone. tissues and organs e.g. blood and bone. some kinds of cell differentiation were dependent on factors external to transpiration stream. the cells together. After that, the cells the cells are free together. floating, After and that, extracted the cells Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue Fig.2 Outline of plant tissue d groupsMuscle of cellstissue that can – specialised contract and groups exert of a cells that can contract and exert a the cell, such as its location in the early embryo, while other changes using centrifugation. using centrifugation. hree type pulling of muscle force.tissue: There smooth are three muscle, type of muscle tissue: smooth muscle, were controlled from Cells within arethe thencell. implanted or ‘seeded’Cells into are an artifi thencial implanted structure oror ‘seeded’ scaffoldinto cells that Epithelial cover organ tissue surfaces – layers of such cells asthat the cover organ surfaces such as the the inner surface lining of ofthetheskin digestive or the tract. inner lining of the digestive tract. 2001 Leaving Certifi cate Higher Level protection, Epithelial secretion, tissues andserve absorption. for protection, secretion, and absorption. r linings2005 which of organs; isLeaving found skeletal in the muscle, inner linings which organs; skeletal muscle, which is Certifi cateisofOrdinary Level The Skin The Skin that is capable of supporting a three-dimensional that is capabletissue. of supporting a three-dim ones andattached facilitates to movement; articulated bones and cardiac and facilitates movement; and cardiac 1885 Roux a of portion the medullary plate of a chicken The skin is the body’s largestsection organ. The It of skin is made upbody’s of In layers largest of epithelial organ. removed It is made up layers ofof epithelial Which of the two diagrams 1 or 2 represents a transverse ais the of the heart. muscle – the muscle tissue of the heart. If cultured tissuessaline are to be used for If for cultured tissue reconstruction, tissues are to the be scaffolds used for tis embryo and kept it alive in a warm solution several days; this tissues. tissues. young root? must be biocompatible; it is also desirable bethat biocompatible; they be absorbed it is also bydesira the ming the Nervous brain, spinal tissue –cord cellsand forming peripheral the brain, spinal cord and peripheral indicated that it might be possible toacts culture cellsmust in vitro. The skin consists of three primary layers: The skin the consists epidermis, of three which primary acts as layers: a the epidermis, which as a surrounding tissues and not require surrounding surgical removal. tissues The and scaffold not require should surg of neurons, nervous which system. transmit consists electricalofimpulses neurons, electrical impulses (i) State twoIt features of the which transmit barrier to moisture and infection; the barrier dermis, to moisture which cushions and infection; the body the dermis, which cushions the body degrade at roughly the same rate asdegrade the newat tissue roughly develops. the same rate as the non-neuronal and neuroglia, cells that which aid and are participate non-neuronal in cells that aid and participate in Jacques Louis Reverdin (1842–1929) diagram that indicate it is a from stress and strain and contains from the stress nails, and hair strain follicles, and sebaceous contains the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous s aroundthe therapid body.transfer of signals around the body. glands etc; and the hypodermis (also glands called etc;the andsubcutaneous the hypodermis tissue), (also called the subcutaneous tissue), root. What are the applications What ofare tissue the application culture? Jacques Louis Reverdin was born invariations Switzerland in 1842. He completed which acts as insulation and protects which the acts internal as insulation organs from andvariations protects the internal organs from of the important therapeutic of the most of important tissue culture therapeutic is in a in temperature. in temperature. his medical studies inOne Paris in most 1865. He worked asOne a applications doctor in Paris and (ii) The letters A, B, C in the skin grafting for with serious skin burns. grafting Burns for are patients traditionally with serious treatedbur later in Guyon 1869, hepatients developed a technique for grafting diagram represent three As one of the body’s major organs,As theone skinofhas the abody’s signifi cant major role organs, to play thewhere, skin hasin a signifi cant role to play by taking a thin layer of skin fromby antaking undamaged a thin layer area of known skin as from thean pieces skin onto open wounds, allowing them tocases heal. As newson burn in homeostasis – the maintenance ofinthe homeostasis internal environment – thesmall maintenance of the body ofof the internal environment of the body different tissue types. State donor site, and placing it on burn area. donorInsite, andofplacing severeitburns there area in a suitable state for effi cient tissue in cell a suitable metabolism. state It for plays effi cient an important tissue cell metabolism. It plays an important of the treatment spread used sites. the technique. which tissue type in the mayothers be few donor Skin graftsmay frombeother few donor peoplesites. – allografts Skin grafts – canfrom role in temperature regulation and isrole alsoinpartly temperature responsible regulation for protecting and is also partly responsible for protecting be used as temporary dressings, but beare used eventually as temporary rejected. dressings, but ar following list is represented the body against pathogens. Whenthe thebody skin is against damaged pathogens. When cuts or the skin is damagedthe through cuts or of wounds by helping to Histhrough methods revolutionised treatment by each letter: ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal istissue. the mid-1970s, researchers In the mid-1970s, University discovered researchers at Harvar they burns the risk of infection greatlyburns increased. the risk Skin of infection tissue that is has greatly been increased.InSkin tissue that has been at Harvard prevent infection and accelerating the healing process. However the that CONNECTIVE EPITHELIAL TISSUE TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE could achieveasgrowth couldofachieve dermalgrowth cells inand vitroproliferation in order damaged beyond repair must be removed damagedand beyond replaced repairasmust quickly be removed as and replaced quicklyand as proliferation grafts were not permanent. (iii) Name two vascular tissues and give onebyway in which they layer differ. to produce a keratinising, to produce skin epithelium. a keratinising, Keratin transplantab is the possible a suitable protective possible until such by a time suitable as new protective skin grows layer until such time as new skin growstransplantable tough, insoluble tough, ininsoluble skin, hair fibrous and nails. proteinIt foun is or is cultured and surgically graftedortoisthe cultured underlying and surgically tissue. grafted to the underlying tissue. fibrous protein found (iv) State a function of ground tissue. the structural matrix of keratin in the the structural epidermismatrix that makes of keratin the in skin the The epidermis provides a relativelyThe dryepidermis and impermeable provides barrier a relatively to fluiddry and impermeable barrier to fluid Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959) almost waterproof. almost waterproof. loss. Loss of this function in burnsloss. contributes Loss ofto this thefunction massiveinflburns uid loss contributes to the massive fluid loss Harrison was an American biologist and anatomist anda researchers one of the The Harvard researchers were ableThe to expand Harvard small sample were of skin abletoto e and consequent dehydration. and consequent dehydration. 2006 Junior Certificate Science leading embryologistover in the early twentieth century. special interest 10,000 times its original size over in aHis short 10,000 time, times making its original the process size in a Explain the term tissue. Hair Folicle Hair Folicle valuable patients suffering from severe, valuable third for patients degree burns, suffering fromthe seve was in the development of for amphibian embryos, especially those ofwhere MUSCLE NERVOUS TISSUE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE for skinthe grafting is low. potential for skingroups grafting of is low. salamanders, and he potential investigated effects of transplanting BURN BU RN 3˚ 3˚ Onion epidermis is a tissue only one cell D thick. It is used in school D E PTH EPTH laboratories on microscope slides to investigate plant cell structure 1˚ 1˚ d into three Plant broad tissues cantypes, be divided which into together three how broadto tissue types, a which together slide from a using a tissue microscope. Describe prepare microscope mass. plant are often referred to as biomass. tissue. sues foundFig. In humans 1 Four main types of tissues found In humans ost layerDermal of cellstissue forming – the theoutermost outer surface layerofof cells forming the outer surface of g plant body. the leaves and of the young plant body. For further examples of past paper questions check www.sta.ie s of cells Vascular that transport tissue – flconsists uid and nutrients of cells that transport fluid 3˚ and nutrients ary components within the of plant. vascular Thetissue primary arecomponents xylem of vascular tissue are xylem 4˚ and phloem. Did You Know? 3˚ 4˚ SKIN LAYE R SKIN LAYE R work over theembryo past thirtyto years Further work the past thirty years cells and tissues fromFurther one part of an another. Heover used dyes Epidermis has ledand toEpidermis advances in theofcell growth has ledthe to advances in the cell growth to follow the development migration cells within embryo; this process, reducing the amount of time process, reducing the amount of time made it possible to track and map the way various tissues and organs it takes to culture the skin, while it takes to culture the skin, while Dermis Dermis develop. To facilitateincreasing his research he and devised methodstheofamount culturing the amount size of the increasing and size of the grafts available. Because these grafts available. Because these amphibian cells in vitro. Subcutaneous Layer Read more Muscle are autologous cells (the patient’s are autologous cells (the patient’s Subcutaneous Layer the risk of own cells), rejection own cells), the risk of rejection about authors onpathogen www.sta.ie and other pathogen transmission with and transmission with Musclefamous autografts is low. autografts is low. hose primary Ground function tissue – istissue the manufacture whose primary function is the manufacture nthesis; ofit nutrients can also by andphotosynthesis; store nutrients.it can also and store nutrients. Sweat Gland Sweat Gland from the Ground meristem tissue and develops consists from of the anddeaths consistsof of the In the USA burning accounts formeristem over 4% children under oneSkin showing levels of burning Fig.3of Skin showing levels of burning Fig.3 and sclerenchyma parenchyma, cells. collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. year of age and 16% of deaths of those aged between one and four years. Studies in Ireland indicate that 90% of burn accidents occur in the home – usually in the presence of an adult. Although typically about 98% of victims survive, many are permanently affected. Prior to the development of skin grafting, burns covering half the body surface were typically fatal. Today people with even more extensive burns can survive. In Ireland incidence of serious sunburn injuries is exceptionally high – especially for babies. Despite awareness campaigns, it appears that parents are often do not realise the immediate danger of such burns and the consequent increased risk of skin cancer in later life. Apart from suffering damage to the skin burn victims often suffer from smoke inhalation, cuts, blood loss and broken limbs. In order to recover from such trauma multiple treatments must be provided together. Maintaining proper nutrition in such circumstances has also been shown to be critically important. This process is known as cultured This process is known as cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used epithelial autograft (CEA) and is used on patients who have burns covering on patients whograft have burns covering Fig.4 Skin more than 30% of their bodies. more than 30% of their bodies. Revise The Terms Can you recall the meaning of the following terms? Reviewing the terminology is a powerful aid for recall and retention. Tissue; organ; pathogen; epidermis; dermis; hypodermis; homeostasis; tissue cell metabolism; impermeable; Tissue culture; growth media; in vitro; organ culture; cell culture; explant culture; plant tissue culture; Tissue engineering; stem cell research; enzyme; trypsin; extracellular matrix; centrifugation; implanted; tissue reconstruction; biocompatible; biodegradability; osmotic pressure; culture conditions; transplanted; skin grafting; donor site; allografts; proliferation; keratin; keratinisation; keratinocyte; fibrous protein; stratus corneum; autologous; autografts; cultured epithelial autograft; cartilage; chondrocytes; autologous chondrocyte implantation. Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson at www.sta.ie