Download How are Regions similar to and different from other

Chapter One
Exploring Geography
The Universe: age of the Universe at 13.7 billion
years.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvdL3R7
fDL4
Latitude and Longitude
THE CARTOGRAPHER’S TASK
Scientists collect data: remote sensing/census/
sonar
Cartographers display this data:
1 – globes
2 - maps; inherent distortions
Four components of a MAP:
1- title
2- legend (key)
3- scale 4- direction indicator
A Classical Mercator Projection
Cartographers for
Social Equality
www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=n8zBC2dvERM
Mercator
Projection
Peters
Projection
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1. 45N and 00W
2. 15S and 135E
3. 30N and 105E
4. 15N and 30E
5. 60N AND 15E
6. 45N AND 105W
7. 30N and 75E
8. 60N and 45E
9. 30S and 60W
10. 15S and 45W
bonus city:
28.20N and 97.08W
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1. France
2. Australia
3. China
4. Sudan
5. Sweden
6. USA
7. India
8. Russia
9. Argentina
10. Brazil
THE 5 THEMES OF
GEOGRAPHY
CH 1 SECTION 1 NOTES
THE FIVE THEMES OF
GEOGRAPHY
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Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions
LOCATION
Where are we?
• Absolute
Location
– A latitude and
longitude (global
location) or a street
address (local
location).
– Paris France is 48o
North Latitude and 2o
East Longitude.
– The White House is
located at 1600
Pennsylvania Ave.
• Relative Location
– Described by
landmarks, time,
direction or distance.
From one place to
another.
– Go 1 mile west on
main street and turn
left for 1 block.
PLACE
What is it like there, what kind of place is
it?
• Human
• Physical
Characteristics
Characteristics
• What are the main
languages, customs,
and beliefs.
• How many people live,
work, and visit a place.
• Landforms (mountains,
rivers, etc.), climate,
vegetation, wildlife, soil
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION
• How do humans and the environment
affect each other?
– We depend on it.
• People depend on the Tennessee River for water and
transportation.
– We modify it.
• People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
– We adapt to it.
• We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
MOVEMENT
• How are people, goods, ideas moved from
place to place?
– Human Movement
• Trucks, Trains, Planes
– Information Movement
• Phones, computer (email), mail
REGIONS
• How are Regions similar to and different from
other places?
– Formal Regions
• Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries
(States, Countries, Cities)
• Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky
Mountain region, Chinatown).
– Functional Regions
• Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell
phone coverage area).
– Perceptual Regions
• Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the
south, etc.)
Remembering the 5 themes
• If you can’t remembering what
they are just ask MR. HELP!!!
• M – Movement
• R – Regions
• HE – Human Environment
interaction
• L – Location
• P - Place
• Mr. Lip
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIqC79
WrpKg
THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH
Map of Gondwana, showing break-up into
modern landmasses and the distribution of
key fossils across these landmasses.
Break up of Pangea model:
Plate tectonics:
Weathering
• Weathering- is breakdown of rock at or
near the earth’s surface into smaller and
smaller pieces.
• Over millions of years, weathering can
reduce a mountain to gravel.
• Two kinds of weathering: Mechanical
weathering, chemical weathering
Glacial moraines:
Mechanical Weathering
• Occurs when rock is actually broken or
weakened physically.
• Breaks large masses of rock into even
smaller pieces, producing boulders,
stones, pebbles, sand, silt, and dust.
• Common mechanical weathering: takes
place when water freezes to ice in a crack
in the rock. Water expands when it freezes
ice widens the crack. Frost wedging.
Mechanical Weathering
• Seeds take root in cracks in rocks,
sidewalks crack when tree roots grow
beneath them.
Chemical Weathering
• Chemical weathering can destroy a rock
• Is the process of chemical weathering
alters a rock’s chemical makeup by
changing the minerals that form the rock
or combining them with new chemical
elements. Change one kind of rock into a
completely different rock.
Chemical Weathering
• Water, carbon dioxide important factors.
• Caves formed with carbon dioxide
• Dry regions there is little chemical
weathering. Wet and damp area chemical
weathering occurs quickly and is
widespread.
• Acid rain- type of chemical weathering,
chemicals in polluted air combine with
water vapor and fall back to earth as acid
rain.
Chemical Weathering
• Acid rain destroys forests and pollutes
water, and eats away at the stone
buildings and natural rock formations.
Erosion
• Is the movement of weathered materials
example: gravel, soil, and sand.
• Three common causes of erosion are
water, wind, and glaciers.
• Sediment-small particles of soil, sand, and
gravel. Sandpaper.
Weathering:
Mechanical
Chemical
Landform Diagram – see page
42 text.
Weather and Climate
• Weather- is the condition of the bottom
layer of the earth’s atmosphere in one
place over a short period of time.
• Atmosphere – is multilayer band of gases,
water vapor, and dust above the earth.
• Weather is an almost constant change,
sometimes shifting from warm to cool and
back again in a short period of time.
Weather and Climate
• Climate- is the term of the weather
patterns that an area typically experiences
over a long period of time.
• Climate of an area depends on a number
of factors:
– Elevation
– Latitude
– Location in relation to nearby landforms and
bodies of water.
Currents
• Waters and oceans help distribute heat
• Following convection patterns similar to
those of winds, ocean currents, both near
the ocean’s surface and far below it.
• Precipitation:
– Humidity is the amount of water vapor
contained in the atmosphere.
– Forms when air temp changes.
Convectional Precipitation
• Hot , humid air rises from the earth’s
surface and cools, thereby losing its ability
to hold much water.
• Common near the Equator and in the
tropics.
• Produces nourishing rainfalls that feed
lush, tropical forests
Orographic Precipitation
• Warm, moist air is forced upward when
passing over high landforms causing
precipitation.
• Common on the seacoasts where moist
ocean winds blow toward coastal
mountains.
• Warm winds cool as they rise up over the
mountains.
Frontal Precipitation
• Common kind of precipitation occurs when
two fronts : air masses of different
temperatures meet.
• Warm air is forced upward by the heavier
cool air. Rising warm air cools and frontal
precipitation forms.
Other Influences on Climate
• Nearby bodies of water:
– Winds blow over water take on the waters
temperature.
– Continental climates:
• Northern Hemisphere have what are known as
continental climates.
• Hold and warm summers and cold, snowy winters