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Urbanization Notes
Chapter 9
Introduction:
• worldwide, people are moving from rural to urban areas
• the UN and World Bank try to keep census data on this
• Today, over 50% of the world’s population lives in urban
areas
• urbanization is not evenly distributed
– -in the US and Western Europe- 4 out 5 people live in urban
areas
– -in India and China- 3 out of 10 people live in urban areas
• but cities in India and China are growing rapidly
– -China- Shenzen- 20,000 increased to 2.5 million people in 30
years
– -India- Calcutta and Mumbai rank in the top 10 fastest growing
cities
Largest World Cities
Ten Most Populous Today
Rank
City
1 Tokyo, Japan
Population
28 million
2 New York City, United States 20.1 million
3 Mexico City, Mexico
18.1 million
4 Mumbai, India (Bombay)
18 million
5 Sao Paulo, Brazil
17.7 million
6 Los Angeles, United States
15.8 million
7 Shanghai, China
14.2 million
8 Lagos, Nigeria
13.5 million
9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
10 Buenos Aires, Argentina
12.9 million
12.5 million
Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in
MDCs than in LDCs.
Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LD
Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions
are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages
Ancient Cities and Early Civilizations
(Hearth of Urbanization)
• when agriculture began about 12,000 years ago, egalitarian
societies existed where people were equal (agricultural
villages)
• 6000 years ago in SW Asia, agricultural societies became
more complex for 2 reasons:
– Agricultural Surplus
– Social Stratification -social inequality started developing
• Called Specialization- (some people were farmers, some craftsmen,
some government)
• government buildings appeared
• villages became diversified (had many different types of jobs, people
etc)
• These cities developing was called the First Urban
Revolution
Cities and States
• as settlements became larger and more specialized,
there was a need for a political system
• states formed- politically organized territory
administered by a sovereign government
• formative era- 7,000 BC to 5000 BC states and
urbanization developed in SW Asia (Fertile Crescent
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)
• instead of an egalitarian society, now became a
stratified society (hierarchical with many different
jobs)
Location, Location, Location
• geographic advantages led to the development of cities in certain
areas
• important features
–
–
–
–
proximity to farmland
availability of water
defensibility of site
trade routes
• This eventually led to the 5 hearths of urbanization:
• Urbanization did not occur simultaneously (at the same time)
–
–
–
–
–
1st- Mesopotamia
2nd- Nile Valley
3rd- Indus River Valley (Harappa & Mohenjo Daro)
4th- China (Huang He & Wei River Valleys)
5th- Mesoamerica (Mayan & Aztec)
Role and Functions of Ancient Cities
• civilizations need organization for:
– irrigation
– collecting taxes
– protection against enemies
– build walls for protection
– guarantee food into a city
Urbanization Created to Need For:
– food to be stored and distributed
– urban elite- decision makers and organizers,
examples:
– religion and philosophy (became theocratic
centers)
– writing and record keeping
– laws
– preserving tradition
example: Mesopotamia
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
rulers were priests and kings who live in palaces
peasants brought harvests as a tax
stored crops
wall around the city
temples and shrines stood on high ground
shops and craftsmen
people lived in mud walled houses
the poor lived on the outskirts of town
slaves
not sanitary
garbage dumped on the streets (but this has given archeologists
lots of clues by sifting through these remains)
– disease- which is why ancient cities were small
Ancient World Cities
Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China
and Indus Valley.
Ancient Ur in Iraq
Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq)
F Jericho 10,000 B.C.
F Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq)
F Walled cities based
on agricultural trade
F Ziggurat (stepped temple)
cities became places where many
people traveled to
• therefore, cities needed:
–
–
–
–
–
buildings to entertain
packaged food
process raw materials
religious places of worship
defense
• How large were ancient cities?
• Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley were about
10,000-15,000
– as large as food production would allow
Greece
• 600-500 BC
• over 500 cities and towns
• Athens- largest city in the world (at this time!) 250,000
people
• traders spread ideas about Greece throughout the
Mediterranean
• cities were developing in China, South Asia and
Mesoamerica too
• every Greek city had an acropolis- high point in the
city where large buildings stood (usually religious)
example- Parthenon in Athens
Greece. . .
• agora- market place, became the center of
commercial activity
• theaters- for the aristocracy
• for ordinary people sanitation and health
conditions were poor
• Greece was built by slaves
• Ancient Athens --------
Roman Urban System
• by 114 AD the Roman Empire extended throughout Europe
and North America
• largest urban system
• Rome was the capital
• settlements from small villages to large cities
• transport network
– linked roads, rivers, and sea
– urban areas located so they could be easily reached (not long
distances)
– road builders increased communication throughout the empire
• used cities previously built by the Etruscans as the heart of
the Roman Empire
Used the Greeks ideas:
• planning colonial cities in a rectangular grid
pattern
– open market as the focus of public life
– theaters and arenas (Colosseum)
•
•
•
•
aqueducts and baths
sewage system
poor were crammed in tenements (housing)
slaves in North Africa
Post Roman Decline
• collapse of the Roman Empire (495 CE) led to a
collapse of its urban system
• failed because of:
–
–
–
–
–
misrule
corruption
external attack
environmental problems
trade and transportation network broke down
• invasion of the Moorish Empire of North Africa
brought Islam
Urban Growth Elsewhere (1200-1350)
• China- Xian- known as the Rome of East Asia
• West Africa- Timbuktu- major trading city and
religious center
• Nile River Valley- Meroe- metallurgy to smelt
iron and develop weapons
• Yucatan Penisula- Maya civilization
• Mexico- Tenochtitlan- Aztecs
• Meroe Pyramids-----
Post Roman Preindustrial Europe
• Medieval Optimum- environmental period
that led to warmer climates in northern
Europe
• expanded farming and fishing
• populations grew in northern Europe which
led to the rise of cities like Paris and London
• due to better weapons, there were more
attacks
• built more forts around cities
Cont. . .
• as populations increased, no room to build except up
• multistory buildings
• Little Ice Age- a colder climate began again
– crops failed
– peasants fled to cities
• by the 17th century, cities were slums
• unsanitary conditions, disease, fire
• these factors led many people to go to the New World (Americas,
Australia)
Global Spread of Urbanization
• before 1500 AD (before maritime exploration and overseas
colonization) cities were found in the “urban banana”- a
crescent shaped zone from Europe to Asia
• often were interior cities along trade routes
• after 1500AD, seaports became the dominant cities
• some interior cities declined because of this
• “mercantile cities” developed in Europe – cities based on
trade
• formed “downtown” regions with a central square
• 16th and 17th century- Europeans began expanding into
foreign lands
• built mercantile cities with similar characteristics in Africa and
Asia
Industrial Revolution (2nd Urban
Revolution)
• Little Ice Age brought even more people to cities, very
rapidly growing population
• “manufacturing cities”- emerged based on factories,
this changed cities
–
–
–
–
factories took over
ugly railroads
sanitation and water systems failed and were polluted
terrible:
•
•
•
•
living conditions
working condition
health conditions
air quality
Cont.
– children worked in factories
• eventually conditions improved due to:
– government intervention
– legislation (laws)
– workers rights
• in the New World cities did not have all of these
problems
• but inadequate planning did lead to slums and
ghettoes
• during the 2nd half of the 1900s, manufacturing
cities stopped growing
Cont.
• factories were moved outside of cities
– NY, London, Paris and Chicago still rank in the top 10
most populated cities
– in 1975- only 5 cities with more than 10 million people
– by 2015- 23 cities with more than 10 million people
• Mumbai, India will take Tokyo’s spot as the most populated
city
• modern city- road construction and modern
transportation has led to an increase of
suburbanization (more common in North America
than Europe)
Where are Cities Located and Why??
• Place and Location
• fastest growing urban area- Shenzhen, China
(20,000 to 2.5 million) . . . WHY???
Urban Situation
• situation- characteristics due to relative location that
influences an area
• example- Shenzhen is right next to Hong Kong and has
grown because of it
• situation is key to the growth and success of certain
cities
• situation describes its position relative to:
–
–
–
–
transportation routes
farmland
manufacturing centers
distance from other towns and cities
• a city’s situation can change
Urban site
• site- refers to the physical
features/qualities of the area
(absolute location)
– Paris- 1st settlement built along the
Seine River
– Mexico City- built in a dry lake bed
• prone to earthquakes
• smog pollution
– Bangkok- built in a delta of the
Chao Phraya River
• pump water from wells
• southern Bangkok is sinking 2
cm/year
– Singapore- island separated from
Malaysia
• made it easier to secede
• Bangkok Thailand - - - - - - - - -- - - -
Urban geography- study of:
– how cities are arranged
– how circulation ($) systems function
– how commuting patterns develop and change
– how and why people move from one part of a city
to another
– why people move to cities and why others
“escape” to the suburbs
• relationship between the cities and
surrounding areas
Hinterland or Trade Area:
– German word meaning the region outside the city
– farmers sell products to a city’s markets
– people come into the city to shop and for business
– city newspapers and TV are widely viewed
– layout of western cities are different than East
Asian, African or South American cities
Ranking Urban Centers
– urban hierarchy-considers functions of settlements as well
as size
– hamlet- has not urban function (store, gas station,
services)
– village- specialization, sells goods, larger
– town- higher level of specialization
• banks, post office, schools
• hinterland
– city- more functional specialization
• central business district
• large hinterland- suburbs
• megalopolis- multiple cities that have grown together
(from Boston to Washington DC)
Megalopolis
Fig. 13-4: The Boston–Washington corridor contains about one-quarter of U.S. popula
Rank Size Rule
• In a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town
will be inversely proportional to its rank
– Largest city has 12 million, it will be ranked #1
– 2nd largest (ranked #2) will have 6 million- ½ of largest
populated city
– 3rd largest (ranked #3) will have 4 million- 1/3 of largest
populated city
– 4th largest (ranked #4) will have 3 million- ¼ of largest
populated city
• Does work in USA & many other countries, but fails to show
WHERE cities will locate
Primate City Rule
Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the
number as the second ranking city. These cities tend to
represent the perceived culture of the country.
Largest City
Paris
London
Population
9 million
9 million
Second-largest City Population
Marseille
Birmingham
2 million
2 million
Primate Cities
• Mark Jefferson- Law of Primate City
– Country’ leading city
– Very large
– represents national culture
– examples- Paris and London
• Rank Size Rule Does Not Work in Countries
with a Primate City!!!
Central Places
• economic reach- the maximum distance
people can be from a central place and still be
attracted to it for business purposes
• centrality- the strength of an urban center in
its capacity to attract producers and
consumers to its facilities; a city’s reach into
the surrounding area
Central Place Theory
• Walter Christaller developed a model that shows how and
where central places in the urban hierarchy would be
functionally and spatially distributed.
• A central place provides goods and services to the
surrounding region.
• In the urban model, each central place has a surrounding
complementary region, an exclusive hinterland making a
monopoly for sales and service.
• The physical model consists of perfectly fitted hexagonal
regions.
• The model is based on a series of assumptions
about urban development:
– Flat Surface across all of earth- NO BARRIERS
– Soil Fertility is equal EVERYWHERE
– Population, money, transportation are EQUAL
– From any place a good or service can be sold out a
certain distance (range of sale)
Central Place Theory
• Walter Christaller : Markets and Services
tend to be nested hierarchies with smaller
towns
serving smaller
markets.
• These assumptions are not necessarily true,
but this model still proves:
– there is a hierarchy of central places (urban places
do rank)
– places of same size and functions space equally
apart
– larger cities space further than smaller villages or
towns
• specific functions create regular rank-size
patterns on a map
Central Place Theory
• However, transportation and border effects
can shift the distribution of towns away
from theoretical uniformity.
Transportation
Effect
Border Effect
How are Cities Organized and How
do They Function?
• Urban Morphology- the layout of a city and what it
can tell us about the city
• Functional Zonation- division of the city into certain
regions or zones
– Central Business District (CBD)- business and
commerce in the city’s downtown- high land
values, tall buildings, traffic, & mass transit
– Central City- urban area that is not suburban
(older city, not newer)
– Suburbs- outlying, functionally uniform part of an
urban area – usually adjacent to the central city
Suburbanization- process where land outside of the
urban environment becomes urbanized
• P.O. Muller wrote Contemporary Suburban
America (1981) & said:
– Suburbs are self sufficient urban entities & are
not an appendage of the central city
– This means: suburbs have their own life and
people no longer need to travel to the central city
for work, entertainment, or education like they
once did
• 2000 census: 50%+ of US live in suburbs, 30.3
in central cities, & 19.7 in rural areas
Modeling the North American City
• 3 models- show us how cities have changed very quickly
• Concentric Zone Model
– developed by Ernest Burgess’s study of Chicago
– 5 functional concentric zones
• Central Business District (CBD)- financial, retail, theater
• transition- businesses taking over residential areas
• blue-collar labor force homes
• middle class residences
• suburbs
– model is dynamic (changing)
• as cities grew, zones invaded other zones
Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings
surrounding the CBD.
Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone mo
Sector Model
• Sector Model
– developed by Homer Hoyt in the 1930s
• low rent or high rent zones could begin in CBR
and extend to the outer edge
Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or
corridors extending out from the CBD.
Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an
example of a sector model.
Multiple Nuclei Model
– Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1940s
– CBD- losing its dominance as the center of urban
areas
– now- other centers have also developed
Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual
centers, around which different people and activities cluster.
Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of
a multiple nuclei model.
Urban Realms Model & Edge Cities
• after WWII, the US population started to migrate to the
suburbs
• edge cities- fully functional outer cities developed
• suburbanization exploded
• Led to the Urban Realms Model being created
– Describes the spatial components of the modern
metropolis
– Each realm has their own economic, social, and political
identity and is linked by the larger central city only
– Atlanta fits this model today- Think of Gwinnett County
and our functions
Professionals in Glasgow
Fig. 13-11: Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to
live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.
Modeling the Modern City in the Global
Periphery & Semi-Periphery
• colonial cities- former European colonies have
“western” style
• indigenous cities- in the past were not
influenced by western ideas but now are
Mexico City
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco.
Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the
elite live to the west.
Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig. 13-13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population.
The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric
street pattern.
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the
previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards
The Ibero-American City
• South and Middle America is urbanizing
rapidly
• 1950- 41%
• now- 77%
• Draw the model on p.279, label and DESCRIBE
each zone or section:
Latin American City Model
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and
in a sector extending along a commercial spine.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig. 13-16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in
a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in
peripheral areas.
Southeast Asian City
•
•
•
•
old colonial port zone is the focus
commercial district surrounds it
no formal CBD
Draw the model on p.281, label and DESCRIBE
each zone or section:
African Model
• Africa south of the Sahara- least urbanized
region
• colonialism has left an imprint
• 3 CBD
– Colonial CBD
– Market Zone CBD
– Traditional CBD
• Draw the model on p.281, label and DESCRIBE
each zone or section:
How do People Make Cities?
• Cultural and Social forces shape the character of cities and
influences who lives where
• Sociocultural characteristics are evident in:
– the style of the house
– distance between houses
– yards
• ethnic neighborhoods:
– found in urban areas
• usually forced by the dominant groups (example- segregation)
Cities in the Periphery &
Semiperiphery
• “pull” factors of economic opportunities often brought people
to the city
• shantytowns formed to deal with the increasing population
– unplanned developments with crude dwellings and
shelters
• this does not deter immigrants
• 1990s- fastest growing cities found in
– Africa
– South Asia
– East Asia
Changes in Cities in LDCs
Populations of cities in the less developed world have been surging:
urbanization, migration, natural increase
Urbanization in LDCs:
 driven by changes in
economy
 the poor live in the
suburbs, rich live in CBD
 cities struggle to provide
jobs and housing
 services overtaxed
 squatter settlements
common
 crime on the rise
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
• the wealthier regions are growing very slowly
• cities in poorer countries often lack zoning laws
• zoning- ensures space is used effectively (example- factory
won’t be built in your neighborhood)
• In Chennai, India, the space between high rise buildings has
squatter settlements
• In Bangkok- a school is next to a polluting factory
• many countries are starting to enforce zoning laws
• in most megacities- economic stratification between the rich
and the poor is obvious
• How is this evident in our cities?
Making Cities in the Global Core
• Racial discrimination in the urban land market
• 1960s- no legal barriers to racial
discrimination and segregation but clear racial
ghettos formed to keep blacks our of white
neighborhoods
• redlining- banks would identify “risky”
neighborhoods and refuse loans (marked with
red lines on a map)
blockbusting- turn over in housing
(now illegal)
– real estate agents convince an African American
person to buy a house in a white neighborhood
– would sell house VERY cheap
– this produced “white flight” to suburbs
• then more houses are sold- more commission
money for real estate agents!
Gentrification
• - Moving back to the central cities when
people buy up and rehabilitate houses
– This raises the land value and can happen in the
suburbs as well
– Usually occurs with Tear-Downs- buying a house
w/the intention of tearing it down to build huge
house
• New large homes are called McMansions b/c
they are super-sized
• racial steering- convince people to move into
ghettoes to transform neighborhoods
• gated communities- common to protect
against dangers of an urban area
– Fenced-in neighborhoods w/controlled access
– Found all over the world after development in the
US (late 80’s)
– New way for segregation – now economic
segregation instead of racial
Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are
suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks,
industrial areas, and service complexes.
Urban Sprawl
• Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads
over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.
• Mainly caused by automobiles
– Can live further from city (work) and still get there w/cars
– Causes people to move further into suburbs and land to be torn down
and converted to urban use
• New Urbanism- the desire to turn public spaces into private use
– Ex: neighborhood only shopping, swimming, tennis, playgrounds, etc
– Thought to work against urban sprawl
– Cuts out traffic, driving, b/c all goods needed are w/in walking
distance
• List top 5 cities from chart on p. 288:
New Urbanism
Suburban Development in the
U.S. and U.K.
Fig. 13-21: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while
in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.
What Role do Cities Play in
Globalization?
• World Cities- Cities that function at the global
scale, beyond the reach of the state borders,
functioning as the service centers of the world
economy
– Major economic and cultural hearth functions as
well
– Function as Global markets for goods (stock
markets, trading values, etc)
Cities as Spaces of Consumption
• Cities seen on TV & media are helping to transform
urban centers into major entertainment districts
• Much like a theme park!
– Ex: Times Square for restaurants, hotels, bars,
entertainment places
• Companies such as Sony, Times Warner, ESPN, etc.
use cities to promote their goods on a global scale
– Ex: ESPN Zone, Disney Store, Hard Rock Café seen
on tv, radio, & movies