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Presentation Plus! Our World Today
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Handbook Introduction
How Do I Study Geography
Section 1
Learning Map Basics
Section 2
Using Graphs, Charts,
and Diagrams
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Handbook Objectives
• Understand the purpose and uses of
globes and maps. 
• Describe the parts of a map and the
different types of maps that
geographers use. 
• Demonstrate how to read graphs,
charts, and diagrams.
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Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
How Do I Study Geography?
• Everything you see, touch, use, and
even hear is related to geography–the
study of the world’s people, places,
and environments. 
• How can you possibly study such a
huge amount of information in your
geography class? Where do you start?
(pages 2–3)
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How Do I Study Geography? (cont.)
• Geographers–people who study
geography–ask themselves this
question, too. 
• To understand how our world is
connected, some geographers have
broken down the study of geography
into five themes. 
• The Five Themes of Geography are
(1) location, (2) place, (3) human/
environment interaction, (4) movement,
and (5) regions.
(pages 2–3)
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How Do I Study Geography? (cont.)
• Most recently, as suggested in
the Geography Standards for Life,
geographers have begun to look
at geography a different way. 
• They break down the study of geography
into Six Essential Elements, which are
explained for you on the following slides. 
• Being aware of these elements will help
you sort out what you are learning about
geography.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 1: The World in Spatial
Terms
• Geographers first take a look at where
a place is located. 
• Location serves as a starting point by
asking “Where is it?” 
• Knowing the location
of places helps you
to orient yourself in
space and to develop
an awareness of the
world around you.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 2: Places and Regions
• Geographers also look at places and
regions. 
• Place includes those
features and characteristics
that give an area its own
identity or personality. 
• These can be physical characteristics–
such as landforms, climate, plants, and
animals–or human characteristics–such
as language, religion, architecture,
music, politics, and way of life.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 2: Places and Regions (cont.)
• To make sense of all the complex
things in the world,
geographers often group
places or areas into
regions. 
• Regions are united by one
or more common characteristics.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 3: Physical Systems
• Why do some places have mountains
and other places have flat deserts? 
• When studying places and
regions, geographers analyze
how physical systems–such
as volcanoes, glaciers, and
hurricanes–interact and
shape the earth’s surface. 
• They also look at ecosystems, or
communities of plants and animals that
are dependent upon one another and
their particular surroundings for survival.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 4: Human Systems
• Geographers also examine human
systems, or how people have shaped
our world. 
• They look at how boundary lines are
determined and analyze why people
settle in certain places
and not in others. 
• An ongoing theme in
geography is the
continual movement
of people, ideas, and
goods.
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(pages 2–3)
Element 5: Environment and
Society
• The study of geography includes
looking at human/environment
interaction, or how and why people
change their surroundings. 
• Throughout history, people
have cut forests and
dammed rivers to build
farms and cities. 
• Some activities have led
to air and water pollution.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 5: Environment and
Society (cont.)
• The physical environment affects
human activities as well. 
• The type of soil and amount of water
in a place determines if crops can be
grown. 
• Earthquakes and floods
also affect human life.
(pages 2–3)
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Element 6: The Uses of Geography
• Understanding geography, and knowing
how to use the tools and technology
available to study it, prepares you for
life in our modern society. 
• Individuals, businesses,
and governments use
geography and maps of
all kinds on a daily basis. 
• Computer programs, such as
geographic information systems (GIS),
allow us to make informed decisions
about how to make the best use of our
(pages 2–3)
place and region.
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Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Globes and maps provide different ways
of showing features of the earth. 
Terms to Know
• hemisphere 
• scale 
• latitude 
• relief 
• longitude 
• elevation 
• scale bar 
• contour line
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Explain how to find an exact location. 
• Understand how maps are made. 
• Explain how to recognize the special
parts of a map. 
• Describe how to identify different kinds
of maps.
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What is a Globe?
• A globe is a model of the earth that
shows the earth’s shape, lands,
distances, and directions as they
truly relate to one another. 
• A world globe can help you find your
way around the earth. By using one,
you can locate places and determine
distances.
(page 4)
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Hemispheres
• To locate places on the earth,
geographers use a system of imaginary
lines that crisscross the globe. 
• One of these lines, the Equator, circles
the middle of the earth like a belt. 
• It divides the earth into “half spheres,”
or hemispheres. 
• Everything north of the Equator is in
the Northern Hemisphere. 
• Everything south of the Equator is in
the Southern Hemisphere.
(pages 4–5)
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Hemispheres (cont.)
• Another imaginary line runs from north
to south. 
• It helps divide the earth into half
spheres in the other direction. 
• Find this line–called the Prime Meridian
or the Meridian of Greenwich–on a
globe. 
• Everything east of the Prime Meridian
for 180 degrees is in the Eastern
Hemisphere.
(pages 4–5)
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Hemispheres (cont.)
• Everything west of the Prime Meridian
for 180 degrees is in the Western
Hemisphere. 
• In which hemispheres is North America
located? It is found in both the Northern
Hemisphere and the Western
Hemisphere.
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Hemispheres (cont.)
Latitude and Longitude
• The Equator and the Prime Meridian
are the starting points for two sets of
lines used to find any location. 
• Parallels circle the earth like stacked
rings and show latitude, or distance
measured in degrees north and south
of the Equator. 
• The letter N or S following the degree
symbol tells you if the location is north
or south of the Equator.
(pages 5–6)
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Latitude and Longitude (cont.)
• The North Pole, for example, is at 90°N
(North) latitude, and the South Pole is
at 90°S (South) latitude. 
• Two important parallels in between
the poles are the Tropic of Cancer
at 23½°N latitude and the Tropic
of Capricorn at 23½°S latitude. 
• You can also find the Arctic Circle at
66½°N latitude and the Antarctic Circle
at 66½°S latitude.
(pages 5–6)
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Latitude and Longitude (cont.)
• Meridians run from pole to pole and
crisscross parallels. 
• Meridians signify longitude, or distance
measured in degrees east (E) or west
(W) of the Prime Meridian. 
• The Prime Meridian, or 0° longitude,
runs through Greenwich, England. 
• On the opposite side of the earth is
the 180° meridian, also called the
International Date Line.
(pages 5–6)
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Latitude and Longitude (cont.)
• Lines of latitude and longitude cross
each other in the form of a grid system. 
• You can find a place’s absolute location
by naming the latitude and longitude
lines that cross exactly at that place. 
• For example, the city of Tokyo, Japan,
is located at 36°N latitude and 140°E
longitude.
(pages 5–6)
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Latitude and Longitude (cont.)
How Maps Are Made
• For more than 4,000 years, people
have made maps to organize their
knowledge of the world. 
• The reason for producing maps has
not changed over the centuries, but
the tools of mapmaking have. 
• Today satellites located thousands of
miles in space gather data about the
earth below.
(page 6)
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How Maps Are Made (cont.)
• The data are then sent back to the earth,
where computers change the data into
images of the earth’s surface. 
• Mapmakers analyze and use these
images to produce maps. 
• For modern mapmakers, computers
have replaced pen and paper. 
• Most mapmakers use computers with
software programs called geographic
information systems (GIS).
(page 6)
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How Maps Are Made (cont.)
• With GIS, each kind of information on
a map is kept as a separate electronic
“layer” in the map’s computer files. 
• Because of this modern technology,
mapmakers are able to make maps–
and change them–more quickly and
easily than before.
(page 6)
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How to Read a Map
• Maps can direct you down the street,
across the country, or around the world.

• An ordinary map holds all kinds of
information. 
• Learn the map’s code, and you can
read it like a book.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Map Key The map key explains the
lines, symbols, and colors used on a
map. 
• Look at the map of Spain on the
following slide.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
(pages 6–7)
How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Its key shows that dots mark major
cities. 
• A circled star indicates the national
capital–in Spain’s case, the city of
Madrid. 
• Some keys tell which lines stand for
national boundaries, roads, or railroads. 
• Other map symbols may represent
human-made or natural features,
such as canals, forests, or natural gas
deposits.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Compass Rose An important step in
reading any map is to find the direction
marker. 
• A map has a symbol that tells you
where the cardinal directions–North,
South, East, and West–are positioned. 
• Sometimes all of these directions are
shown with a compass rose.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• An intermediate direction, such as
southeast, may also be on the compass
rose. 
• Intermediate directions fall between the
cardinal directions.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Latitude and Longitude Lines Like
globes, maps have lines of latitude and
longitude that form a grid. 
• Every place on the earth has a unique
position or “address” on this grid. 
• Knowing this address makes it easier
for you to locate cities and other places
on a map.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• For example, what is the grid address
of Madrid, Spain? 
• The map below shows you that the
address is 41°N latitude, 4°W longitude.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Scale A measuring line, often called a
scale bar, helps you determine distance
on a map. 
• The map’s scale tells you what distance
on the earth is represented by the
measurement on the scale bar. 
• For example, 200 miles on the earth
may be represented by 1 inch on the
map.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• Knowing the scale allows you to see
how large an area is. 
• Map scale is usually given in both miles
and kilometers. 
• Each map has its own scale. 
• What scale a mapmaker uses depends
on the size of the area shown on the
map.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
• If you were drawing a map of your
backyard, you might use a scale of 1
inch equals 5 feet. 
• In contrast, the scale bar on the map
of Austin, Texas, on the following slide,
shows that about ¼ inch represents 8
miles. 
• Scale is important when you are trying
to compare the size of one area to
another.
(pages 6–7)
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How to Read a Map (cont.)
(pages 6–7)
General Purpose Maps
• Maps are amazingly useful tools. 
• You can use them to preserve
information, to display data, and to
make connections between seemingly
unrelated things. 
• Geographers use many different types
of maps. 
• Maps that show a wide range of
general information about an area
are called general purpose maps.
(pages 7–8)
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General Purpose Maps (cont.)
• Two of the most common general
purpose maps are political and physical
maps. 
• Political Maps Political maps show the
names and boundaries of countries and
identify only major physical features. 
• The political map of Spain on the
following slide, for example, shows the
boundaries between Spain and other
countries. It also shows cities and rivers
within Spain and bodies of water
surrounding Spain.
(pages 7–8)
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General Purpose Maps (cont.)
(pages 7–8)
General Purpose Maps (cont.)
• Physical Maps Physical maps call out
landforms and water features. 
• The physical map of Sri Lanka on the
following slide shows rivers and
mountains.
(pages 7–8)
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General Purpose Maps (cont.)
(pages 7–8)
General Purpose Maps (cont.)
• The colors used on physical maps
include brown or green for land, and
blue for water. 
• These colors and shadings may show
relief–or how flat or rugged the land
surface is. 
• In addition, physical maps may use
colors to show elevation–the height
of an area above sea level. 
• A key explains what each color and
symbol stands for.
(pages 7–8)
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General Purpose Maps (cont.)
• Contour Maps One kind of physical
map, called a contour map, also shows
elevation. 
• A contour map has contour lines–one
line for each major level of elevation. 
• All the land at the same elevation is
connected by a line. 
• These lines usually form circles or
ovals–one inside the other.
(pages 7–8)
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General Purpose Maps (cont.)
• If contour lines come very close
together, the surface is steep. 
• If the lines are spread apart, the land
is flat or rises very gradually. 
• Compare the contour map of Sri Lanka
to its physical map.
(pages 7–8)
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Special Purpose Maps
• Some maps are made to present
specific kinds of information. 
• These are called thematic or special
purpose maps. 
• They usually show themes or patterns,
often emphasizing one subject or
theme. 
• Special purpose maps may present
climate, natural resources, and
population density.
(pages 8–9)
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Special Purpose Maps (cont.)
• They may also display historical
information, such as battles or territorial
changes. 
• The map’s title tells what kind of special
information it shows. 
• Colors and symbols in the map key are
especially important on these types of
maps.
(pages 8–9)
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Special Purpose Maps (cont.)
• One type of special purpose map uses
colors to show population density, or
the average number of people living
in a square mile or square kilometer. 
• As with other maps, it is important to
first read the title and the key. 
• The population density map of Egypt
on the following slide gives a striking
picture of differences in population
density.
(pages 8–9)
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Special Purpose Maps (cont.)
(pages 8–9)
Special Purpose Maps (cont.)
• The Nile River valley and delta are very
densely populated. 
• In contrast, the desert areas east and
west of the river are home to few
people.
(pages 8–9)
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Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 1. height of land above sea level
A. hemisphere
__
C 2. relationship between distance
on a map and actual distance
on the earth
B. longitude
A 3. one-half of the globe
__
B 4. location east or west of the
__
Prime Meridian, measured by
imaginary lines (meridians)
numbered in degrees east or
west
D 5. differences in height in a
__
landscape; how flat or rugged
the surface is
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C. scale
D. relief
E. elevation
Recalling Facts
Why do people make maps?
People make maps to organize their
knowledge of the world.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
What are the four cardinal directions?
The four cardinal directions are North,
South, East, and West.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
What are two of the most common types
of general purpose maps?
Physical maps and political maps are the
most common general purpose maps.
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Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting Describe
the similarities and differences between
physical maps and contour maps.
Physical maps show general landforms
and water features; contour maps show
specific elevations.
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Critical Thinking (cont.)
Synthesizing Information What imaginary
line divides the earth into the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres?
The imaginary line is the Prime Meridian.
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Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Maps Look at the map of Egypt
below. At what latitude and longitude is
Alexandria located?
Use the key to describe
the population density
of Alexandria and its
surrounding area.
The longitude and
latitude of Egypt is
32°N, 30°E. The
population density is
over 250 people per
square mile.
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Close
Scan your textbook and classify the maps
according to type: physical, political, or
special purpose.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Graphs, charts, and diagrams are ways of
organizing and displaying information so
that it is easier to see and understand. 
Terms to Know
•
•
•
•
•
axis 
bar graph 
line graph 
circle graph 
chart 
•
•
•
•
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pictograph 
climograph 
diagram 
elevation profile
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Objectives
• Analyze how bar, line, and circle graphs
present information. 
• Explain how charts and diagrams make
data easier to understand. 
• Demonstrate how to read a pictograph
and climograph.
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What Is a Graph?
• A graph is a way of summarizing and
presenting information visually. 
• Each part of a graph gives useful
information. 
• First read the graph’s title to find out its
subject. 
• Then read the labels along the graph’s
axes–the vertical line along the left side
of the graph and the horizontal line
along the bottom of the graph.
(page 10)
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What Is a Graph? (cont.)
• One axis will tell you what is being
measured. 
• The other axis tells what units of
measurement are being used.
(page 10)
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs
• Bar Graphs Graphs that use bars or
wide lines to compare data visually are
called bar graphs. 
• Look carefully at the bar graph on the
following slide, which compares world
languages.
(pages 10–11)
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
(pages 10–11)
Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
• The vertical axis lists the languages. 
• The horizontal axis gives speakers of
the language in millions. 
• By comparing the lengths of the bars,
you can quickly tell which language is
spoken by the most people. 
• Bar graphs are especially useful for
comparing quantities, and they may
show the bars rising up from the bottom
of the graph or extending out from the
vertical axis.
(pages 10–11)
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
• Line Graphs A line graph is a useful
tool for showing changes over a period
of time. 
• The amounts being measured are plotted
on the grid above each year, and then
are connected by a line. 
• Line graphs sometimes have two or
more lines plotted on them. 
• The line graph on the following slide
shows that the number of farms in the
United States has decreased since 1940.
(pages 10–11)
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
(pages 10–11)
Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
• The vertical axis lists the number of
farms in millions. 
• The horizontal axis shows the passage
of time in ten-year periods from 1940
to 1998.
(pages 10–11)
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
• Circle Graphs You can use circle
graphs when you want to show how
the whole of something is divided into
its parts. 
• Because of their shape, circle graphs
are often called pie graphs. 
• Each “slice” represents a part or
percentage of the whole “pie.” 
• On the circle graph on the following
slide, the whole circle (100 percent)
represents the world’s population in
(pages 10–11)
2000. Click the mouse button or press the
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Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
(pages 10–11)
Bar, Line, and Circle Graphs (cont.)
• The slices show how this population is
divided among the world’s five largest
continents.
(pages 10–11)
Charts
• Charts present related facts and
numbers in an organized way. 
• They arrange data, especially numbers,
in rows and columns for easy
reference. 
• Look at the chart on the following slide.
(page 11)
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Charts (cont.)
(page 11)
Charts (cont.)
• To interpret the chart, first read the title. 
• It tells you what information the chart
contains. 
• Next, read the labels at the top of each
column and on the left side of the chart. 
• They explain what the numbers or data
on the chart are measuring. 
• One kind of chart, a flowchart, joins
certain elements of a chart and a
diagram.
(page 11)
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Charts (cont.)
• It can show the order of how things
happen or how they are related to each
other. 
• The flowchart on the following slide
presents the branches of the United
States government.
(page 11)
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Charts (cont.)
(page 11)
Charts (cont.)
• Notice how the chart shows the
relationship among the tasks and
the offices or bodies of each branch.
(page 11)
Pictograph
• Like bar and circle graphs, pictographs
are good for making comparisons. 
• Pictographs use rows of small pictures
or symbols, with each picture or symbol
representing an amount. 
• The pictograph on the following slide
shows the number of automobiles
produced in the world’s five major
automobile-producing countries.
(page 12)
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Pictographs (cont.)
(page 12)
Pictographs (cont.)
• The key tells you that one car symbol
stands for 1 million automobiles. 
• Pictographs are read like a bar graph. 
• The total number of car symbols in a
row adds up to the auto production in
each selected country.
(page 12)
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Climographs
• A climograph, or climate graph,
combines a line graph and a bar graph. 
• It gives an overall picture of the
climate–the long-term weather
patterns–in a specific place. 
• Because climographs include several
kinds of information, you need to read
them carefully.
(page 12)
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Climographs (cont.)
• Note that the vertical bars on the
climograph on the following slide
represent average amounts of
precipitation (rain, snow, or sleet)
in each month of the year.
(page 12)
Climographs (cont.)
(page 12)
Climographs (cont.)
• These bars are measured against the
axis on the right side of the graph. 
• The line plotted above the bars
represents changes in the average
monthly temperature. 
• You measure this line against the axis
on the left side of the graph. 
• The names of the months are shown
in shortened form on the bottom axis
of the graph.
(page 12)
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Diagrams
• Diagrams are drawings that show
steps in a process, point out the parts
of an object, or explain how something
works. 
• You can use a diagram to assemble
a stereo. 
• The diagram on the following slide
shows how locks enable ships to move
through a canal.
(page 13)
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Diagrams (cont.)
(page 13)
Diagrams (cont.)
• An elevation profile is a type of diagram
that can be helpful when comparing the
elevations of an area. 
• It shows an exaggerated profile, or side
view, of the land as if it were sliced and
you were viewing it from the side. 
• The elevation profile of Africa on the
following slide clearly shows low areas
and mountains. 
• The line of latitude at the bottom tells
you where this profile was “sliced.”
(page 13)
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Diagrams (cont.)
(page 13)
Defining Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. graph in which vertical or
horizontal bars represent
quantities
__
C 2. graphic way of presenting
information clearly
__
D 3. graph in which small symbols
represent quantities
__
E 4. cutaway diagram showing
changes in elevation of land
__
A 5. horizontal (bottom) or vertical
(side) line of measurement on a
graph
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A. axis
B. bar graph
C. chart
D. pictograph
E. elevation
profile
Recalling Facts
How does a bar graph differ from a line
graph?
A bar graph shows data for a given time.
A line graph shows data and how it
changes over time.
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
What percentage does the whole circle in a
circle graph always represent?
100%
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Recalling Facts (cont.)
What two features does a climograph
show?
A climograph shows average monthly
precipitation and temperature.
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Critical Thinking
Synthesizing Information Draw and label
a flowchart showing the steps in some
simple process–for example, making a
sandwich or doing laundry.
Applying Social Studies Skills
Analyzing Graphs Look at the bar graph
below. Which language is the most widely
spoken? About how many people speak it?
Mandarin
Chinese is
the most
widely spoken
language. 885
million people
speak it.
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Close
Statistical information can often be
shown in more than one way. With a
partner convert the circle graph on page
11 of your textbook into a bar graph.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this handbook.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site. At this
site, you will find interactive activities, current events information,
and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the
textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting
to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://owt.glencoe.com
“Grid Language”
Citizens of all countries speak the same language
of latitude and longitude.
No Longitude and No Latitude
National boundaries
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The is a place with no latitude and no longitude.
The absolute location where the Prime Meridian
and the Equator intersect is 0°N–S, 0°E–W.
National boundaries run to the center of the earth
and to the top of the atmosphere. Airplanes need
a country’s permission to fly into its air space.
End of Custom Shows
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