Download ModuleONEandTWO

Introduction to Networking and Networking Fundamentals
By: Rick Karst, Saumitra Patel, and Cody
Peltramo
The Internet
 To establish a proper internet
connection, you need physical
connections (NIC), logical
connections (protocol), and
applications (browser) to translate
the information into a viewable
interface.
Bigfoot Networks Killer NIC M1 10/100/1000Mbps PCI
Network Adapter with a 400 MHz Network Processing Unit
(NPU) 1 x RJ-45, 1 x USB2.0
www.google.com
www.newegg.com
How to Get to the Internet
 1960s- Simple computer terminals were connected to a central computer
via a 300 bits per second modem.
 1970s- As computers became more affordable, Bulletin Board Systems
(BBSs) was created so that people could read messages on a discussion
board. Speeds were still 300bps.
 1980s- Quickly, more and more people used the bulletin boards and higher
speed was needed to compensate.
 1990- Modem speeds reached 9600bps and by 1998, the standard of dialup became 56kbps.
 In the 21st century, much higher speeds were capable with the introduction
of cable and DSL lines.
DIALUP
CABLE MODEM
Testing Connectivity
 To test connectivity, use the PING command in a DOS prompt.
 A PING is simply this: One user sends packets to another user requesting a
reply for each to confirm the two users are connected.
 Pinging a URL can be used to test a computer’s internet connection.
 PING uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP was designed
for the specific purpose of performing tests and carry error messages for
other TCP/IP protocols.
Numbers of Networking
Base 2 is called binary and uses only 0’s
and 1’s to represent a number.
Base 10 is the decimal system we use on
the regular basis. (0,1,2,3,4,5…)
Base 16 is the hexadecimal system uses
the first ten numbers, (0-9), and the first
six letters of the alphabet, (A-F). There
are 16 values in this system, hence the
name.
•Computers understand only 2state formats; 1 is on, 0 is off
•A binary number is usually eight
bits in length.
(Base 2)
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
•If the binary number is 11111111,
the decimal equivalent is 255. If it
is 00000000, it is obviously 0.
11111111
128+64+32+16+ 8+ 4 + 2 + 1= 255
1 is on
0 is off
Binary Logic
 Allows 2 numbers to be compared and chosen based on the numbers.
 NOT: Inverts the numbers.
 If 1 and 0, then 0 and 1; if 0 and 1, then 1 and 0.
 AND: If both numbers are 1, a 1 is generated, if not, then a 0 is generated.
 If 1 and 1, then 1; if 1 and 0, then 0.
 OR: If at least one number is 1, then a 1 is generated.
 If 1 and 0, then 1; if 0 and 0, then 0.
 Also called Boolean Logic
Hexadecimal (Base 16)
 Binary numbers can be converted to a hexadecimal format to reduce longs
strings of numbers. This makes remembering easier.
Hexadecimal Value
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
Decimal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Binary
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111
00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101
00001110
00001111
Basic Units of Memory
 The smallest unit of memory is the bit. It takes eight of them to form a byte.
IP Addresses and Masks
 An IP address is a 32-bit address which contains the host’s network
number an optional sub-network number, and a host number.
 The network number and sub-network number are used for routing
information to a network or sub-network and the host number is used for
locating a specific host within the network or sub-network.
 To determine the network portion of an IP address, perform a Boolean AND
of the IP address and the subnet mask.
 10.34.23.134=00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110
 255.0.0.0=
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
 10.0.0.0=
00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000
Networking Devices
Networking devices make it possible to
extend network connections, manage data
transfers, and convert the format of data.
Repeater:
- Regenerates Signal.
- Regenerates both analog and digital
signals.
Networking Devices (Cont.)
 Hub:
- Concentrates Connections
- Allows the network to see groups of hosts as a
single unit.
- Also regenerates signals.
 Bridge:
- Provides connections between LANs.
- Checks data to determine if it should cross the
bridge or not.
- Makes network more efficient.
Networking Devices (Cont.)
 Workgroup Switch
- Determines if data should remain on the LAN.
- Transfers data to the connection that needs it.
- Does not convert data transmission formats.
 Router
- Has the capabilities of Repeaters, hubs, bridges, and
switches.
- Can regenerate signals.
- Can convert data formats.
- Can concentrate multiple connections.
- Can connect to a WAN which allows connection to LANs
seperated by great distances.
Network Topology
 Physical Topology
- The actual layout/wiring of the
network.
Logical Topology
- How the media is accessed by the
hosts for sending data.
Physical Topologies
Bus
- Has a single backbone cable which is
terminated at both ends.
- All hosts connect directly to backbone.
Ring
- Connects one host to the next and so on.
- The last host connects to the first host.
Physical Topologies (Cont.)
Star
- Central Connection
- All hosts connect to the central
connection.
Extended Star
- Individual star topologies are
connected together by hubs/switches.
Physical Topologies (Cont.)
Hierarchical
- Hubs/Switches all link back to a
computer which controls the traffic on the
topology.
Mesh
- Every host links to every host.
- A problem with one host does not
effect the other hosts.
Types of Networks
LANs
WANs
MANs
SANs
VPN
(Local Area Networks)
(Wide Area Networks)
(Metropolitan Area Networks)
(Storage Area Networks)
(Virtual Private Network)
OSI Model
 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
 OSI (Open System Interface)
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
TCP/IP Model
OSI
TCP/IP
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Physical
Network
Access