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Making Sense of the New Wireless Standards Bard Moss Network Architect Moss Network Consulting, Inc. [email protected] 918-633-2922 Making Sense of the New Wireless Standards Which is not wireless? WPAN 802.11a Bard Moss Moss Network Consulting Evolution of Data Standards Voice Related Data Standards– Bell Labs – AT&T Digitized voice Codecs Digital Carriers (T1) Cellular Vendors Digital Carriers (GSM, CDMA) Data along with voice Email IM Instant Messaging Some testing of cellular and WiFi handsets Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.x including Ethernet, WiFi, & WiMax IETF Internet Engineering Task Force TCP/IP ISO International Standards Organization Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model – 7 Layers Architecture Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model 7 Layers Reference Model File, print, database, application services Data encryption, compression, translation services Dialog control Transport Network End to end control Routing Data Link Physical Framing, bridging, transmission Physical topology Application Presentation Session Data Link Layer -- OSI Reference Model Application Presentation 2 Data Link Sub Layers LLC – Logical Link Control Session MAC - Media Access Control Transport Network Data Link Logical Link Control Media Access Control Physical IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.4 Token Bus IEEE 802.5 Token Ring IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control 802.11 802.15 802.16 802.20 WLAN WPAN WMAN MBWA Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Personal Area Network Wireless Metro Area Network WiFi •Bluetooth •WIMAX Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 802.11a •ZigBee •802.16 802.11b •UWB Ultra Wide Band •802.16a 802.11g •802.16d 802.11i •802.16-2005 802.11n •802.16e •Service at 155 MPH •Working on standard Wireless Standards Coverage Area 802 protocols are optimized for these distances – no actual distance limits Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Wireless Local Area Network WiMax WiFi Wireless Personal Area Network IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth Few Meters IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16 Hundreds of Meters Tens of Miles 802.11 WiFi Modulation Techniques Operational performance depends on signal reception – automatic change in speed (54 – 1 Mbits/sec) 802.11g OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbit/s 802.11b CCK for 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s DBPSK/DQPSK+DSSS for 1 and 2 Mbit/s. 802.11 WiFi Frequencies Protocol Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typical) Data Rate (Max) Legacy 802.11a 1997 1999 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 5.15-5.35 GHz** 5.47-5.725 GHz** 5.725-5.875 GHz* 1 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s 802.11b 1999 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 6.5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s 802.11g 2003 2.4 - 2.5 GHz* 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s 802.11n 2008(est) 2.4 or 5 GHz 200 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s Protocol overhead limits data throughput * ISM - Industrial, Scientific, Medical (microwave oven – 2.4) ** U-NII – Unlicensed National Infrastructure 802.11 WiFi Extensions Range extender (or wireless repeater) can increase the range of an existing wireless network Multiple SSIDs (i.e. multiple VLANs – encrypted corporate and open guest) Proprietary mesh network (wireless backhaul) Proprietary channel bonding Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec Proprietary packet bursting techniques 802.11s unapproved standard (target 2008) Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec Draft 802.11n or Pre-n (including MIMO) 802.11n High Speed WiFi Builds on 802.11 standards Adds MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output). MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver antennas to allow for increased data throughput through spatial multiplexing Standard not complete (projected 2008) Vendors have pre-n products on market Very little interoperation (sometimes within the same vendor) No guarantee of compatibility to 802.11n standard May not be firmware upgradeable 802.11i WiFi Security Most access points can also filter by MAC address 802.11 included Wired Equivilent Privacy (WEP) Easily broken Early equipment defaulted to no encryption Wireless Protected Access (WPA) encryption Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance Intermediate solution to WEP insecurities Newer equipment turn on encryption by default (i.e. MAC address as key) IEEE 802.11i, also known as WPA2 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher 802.1X for authentication (i.e. RADIUS server) Four-way handshake authentication As of 2006, WPA and WPA2 encryption are not easily crackable if strong passwords are used 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network Personal Area Dynamic group of less than 255 devices No online connection with external devices is defined 2.4 GHz frequency Bluetooth Network 802.15 802.15.1 Low-power wireless technology intended to replace cables and wires Multiple devices discover and talk to each other (up to 7) Speeds up to 1M bit/sec Range of roughly 30 feet 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network High Rate 802.15.3 WiMedia Alliance Ultra Wide Band (proposed 802.15.3a) Multimedia streaming over wireless networks 20 to 55 Mbit/sec (2.4 GHz) Up to 245 wireless fixed and portable devices About 3 years to develop Wide bandwidth, low power, short pulses, high data rate 802.15.4 ZigBee Alliance Decentralized control mesh - so there's no single point that all information has to flow through Low bandwidth Most turn on when needed – efficient power control Example light switch with no power wires Light fixture is always on and listening – monitor and forward traffic Telemetric devices 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Plan WiMax Standard– What Is It? Point to Multipoint Wireless MAN (not LAN) Connection Oriented Supports difficult user environments High bandwidth, hundreds of users per channel Continuous and burst traffic Very efficient use of spectrum Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet, …) Balances between stability of contentionless and efficiency of contention-based operation Proponents say signal can extend as far as 30 miles, depending on how wide a spectrum band is used 802.16 WMAN - WiMax (Continued) WiMax standards 802.16d Eliminates the need for an outdoor antenna Let vendors build PC Cards to the standard 802.16-2005 A unified standard (combines all through 802.16d) 802.16e Standard not complete (projected 2008) Supports handoffs between base stations, making it truly mobile. 802.16 WMAN - WiMax Future WiMax – Next Big Thing Base Station to Subscriber Stations Multipoint multichannel distribution system (MMDS) license holders (licensed and unlicensed bands) Building or Laptop Initially to compete with DSL and cable modem service – especially rural areas Expensive customer installation (outside antenna) not required Current small operators (ISPs) using 802.11 to bridge the last mile From a single base station, an antenna can transmit as much as 75M bit/sec of bandwidth for 2 or 3 miles Intel a big proponent – plan to install in every laptop Cellular Wireless Data Provider Cellular Technology Generation Speed Sprint CDMA 1xRTT 2G 128k CDMA EV-DO 3G 500-700k CDMA 1xRTT 2G 128k CDMA EV-DO 3G 500-700k GSM GPRS 2G 40k GSM EDGE 2G 160k Verizon Cingular GSM UMTS/HSPDA 3G 1,800k burst 400-700k ave GSM GPRS 2G 40k T-Mobile GSM GPRS 2G 40k GSM EDGE 2G 160k Nextel Some testing of cellular and WiFi handsets ---- (GSM is world wide standard) 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Designed to provide broadband data in a mobile environment (hand off at base stations) Service at 155 MPH Class of service included in design One option for 4G cellular technology Data rate and range is only half that of WiMAX Working Group re-instated in Sept 2006 IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control 802.11 802.15 802.16 802.20 WLAN WPAN WMAN MBWA Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Personal Area Network Wireless Metro Area Network WiFi •Bluetooth •WIMAX Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 802.11a •ZigBee •802.16 802.11b •UWB Ultra Wide Band •802.16a 802.11g •802.16d 802.11i •802.16-2005 802.11n •802.16e Questions? •Service at 155 MPH •Working on standard