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Making Sense of the
New Wireless Standards
Bard Moss
Network Architect
Moss Network Consulting, Inc.
[email protected]
918-633-2922
Making Sense of the New Wireless
Standards
Which is not wireless?
WPAN
802.11a
Bard Moss
Moss Network Consulting
Evolution of Data Standards

Voice Related Data
Standards–
Bell Labs – AT&T
 Digitized voice
 Codecs
 Digital Carriers (T1)

Cellular Vendors



Digital Carriers (GSM,
CDMA)
Data along with voice
 Email
 IM Instant Messaging
Some testing of cellular
and WiFi handsets
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
802.x including Ethernet,
WiFi, & WiMax

IETF Internet
Engineering Task Force
TCP/IP

ISO International
Standards Organization
Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model –
7 Layers Architecture
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model

7 Layers Reference Model


File, print, database, application
services
Data encryption, compression,
translation services
Dialog control
Transport
Network


End to end control
Routing
Data Link
Physical


Framing, bridging, transmission
Physical topology
Application
Presentation
Session

Data Link Layer -- OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation

2 Data Link Sub
Layers

LLC – Logical Link Control
Session


MAC - Media Access Control
Transport

Network


Data Link
Logical Link Control
Media Access Control





Physical
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.4 Token Bus
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area
Networks
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.16 Broadband
Wireless Access
IEEE 802.20 Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets
IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control
802.11
802.15
802.16
802.20
WLAN
WPAN
WMAN
MBWA
Wireless Local
Area Network
Wireless Personal
Area Network
Wireless Metro
Area Network
WiFi
•Bluetooth
•WIMAX
Mobile
Broadband
Wireless Access
802.11a
•ZigBee
•802.16
802.11b
•UWB Ultra Wide
Band
•802.16a
802.11g
•802.16d
802.11i
•802.16-2005
802.11n
•802.16e
•Service at 155
MPH
•Working on
standard
Wireless Standards Coverage Area
802 protocols are optimized for these distances – no actual distance limits
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
Wireless Local Area Network
WiMax
WiFi
Wireless
Personal Area Network
IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth
Few Meters
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.16
Hundreds of Meters
Tens of Miles
802.11 WiFi Modulation Techniques

Operational performance depends on
signal reception – automatic change in
speed (54 – 1 Mbits/sec)

802.11g
OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
 Data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54
Mbit/s


802.11b


CCK for 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s
DBPSK/DQPSK+DSSS for 1 and 2 Mbit/s.
802.11 WiFi Frequencies
Protocol
Release
Date
Op. Frequency
Data Rate
(Typical)
Data Rate
(Max)
Legacy
802.11a
1997
1999
2.4 - 2.5 GHz*
5.15-5.35 GHz**
5.47-5.725 GHz**
5.725-5.875 GHz*
1 Mbit/s
25 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
802.11b
1999
2.4 - 2.5 GHz*
6.5 Mbit/s
11 Mbit/s
802.11g
2003
2.4 - 2.5 GHz*
25 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
802.11n
2008(est)
2.4 or 5 GHz
200 Mbit/s
540 Mbit/s
Protocol overhead limits data throughput
* ISM - Industrial, Scientific, Medical (microwave oven – 2.4)
** U-NII – Unlicensed National Infrastructure
802.11 WiFi Extensions

Range extender (or wireless repeater) can
increase the range of an existing wireless
network
 Multiple SSIDs (i.e. multiple VLANs –
encrypted corporate and open guest)
 Proprietary mesh network (wireless backhaul)


Proprietary channel bonding


Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec
Proprietary packet bursting techniques


802.11s unapproved standard (target 2008)
Can boost speeds to 108 Mbits/sec
Draft 802.11n or Pre-n (including MIMO)
802.11n High Speed WiFi





Builds on 802.11 standards
Adds MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output).
MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver
antennas to allow for increased data
throughput through spatial multiplexing
Standard not complete (projected 2008)
Vendors have pre-n products on market



Very little interoperation (sometimes within the
same vendor)
No guarantee of compatibility to 802.11n standard
May not be firmware upgradeable
802.11i WiFi Security


Most access points can also filter by MAC address
802.11 included Wired Equivilent Privacy (WEP)



Easily broken
Early equipment defaulted to no encryption
Wireless Protected Access (WPA) encryption



Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance
Intermediate solution to WEP insecurities
Newer equipment turn on encryption by default
(i.e. MAC address as key)

IEEE 802.11i, also known as WPA2



Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher
802.1X for authentication (i.e. RADIUS server)
Four-way handshake authentication
As of 2006, WPA and WPA2 encryption are not easily crackable if
strong passwords are used
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network
 Personal Area



Dynamic group of less than 255 devices
No online connection with external devices is defined
2.4 GHz frequency
 Bluetooth




Network 802.15
802.15.1
Low-power wireless technology intended to replace
cables and wires
Multiple devices discover and talk to each other
(up to 7)
Speeds up to 1M bit/sec
Range of roughly 30 feet
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network

High Rate 802.15.3 WiMedia Alliance





Ultra Wide Band (proposed 802.15.3a)


Multimedia streaming over wireless networks
20 to 55 Mbit/sec (2.4 GHz)
Up to 245 wireless fixed and portable devices
About 3 years to develop
Wide bandwidth, low power, short pulses, high data rate
802.15.4 ZigBee Alliance



Decentralized control mesh - so there's no single point that all
information has to flow through
Low bandwidth
Most turn on when needed – efficient power control
 Example light switch with no power wires
 Light fixture is always on and listening – monitor and forward
traffic
 Telemetric devices
802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Plan

WiMax Standard– What Is It?



Point to Multipoint Wireless MAN (not LAN)
Connection Oriented
Supports difficult user environments






High bandwidth, hundreds of users per channel
Continuous and burst traffic
Very efficient use of spectrum
Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet, …)
Balances between stability of contentionless and
efficiency of contention-based operation
Proponents say signal can extend as far as 30 miles,
depending on how wide a spectrum band is used
802.16 WMAN - WiMax (Continued)

WiMax standards

802.16d
Eliminates the need for an outdoor antenna
 Let vendors build PC Cards to the standard


802.16-2005


A unified standard (combines all through 802.16d)
802.16e
Standard not complete (projected 2008)
 Supports handoffs between base stations, making
it truly mobile.

802.16 WMAN - WiMax Future

WiMax – Next Big Thing

Base Station to Subscriber Stations


Multipoint multichannel distribution system (MMDS)
license holders (licensed and unlicensed bands)





Building or Laptop
Initially to compete with DSL and cable modem service –
especially rural areas
Expensive customer installation (outside antenna) not required
Current small operators (ISPs) using 802.11 to bridge the last
mile
From a single base station, an antenna can transmit as much
as 75M bit/sec of bandwidth for 2 or 3 miles
Intel a big proponent – plan to install in every laptop
Cellular Wireless Data
Provider
Cellular Technology
Generation Speed
Sprint
CDMA
1xRTT
2G
128k
CDMA
EV-DO
3G
500-700k
CDMA
1xRTT
2G
128k
CDMA
EV-DO
3G
500-700k
GSM
GPRS
2G
40k
GSM
EDGE
2G
160k
Verizon
Cingular
GSM
UMTS/HSPDA
3G
1,800k burst
400-700k ave
GSM
GPRS
2G
40k
T-Mobile GSM
GPRS
2G
40k
GSM
EDGE
2G
160k
Nextel
Some testing of cellular and WiFi handsets ---- (GSM is world wide standard)
802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Designed to provide broadband data in a
mobile environment
(hand off at base stations)





Service at 155 MPH
Class of service included in design
One option for 4G cellular technology
Data rate and range is only half that of WiMAX
Working Group re-instated in Sept 2006
IEEE 802.X MAC - Media Access Control
802.11
802.15
802.16
802.20
WLAN
WPAN
WMAN
MBWA
Wireless Local
Area Network
Wireless Personal
Area Network
Wireless Metro
Area Network
WiFi
•Bluetooth
•WIMAX
Mobile
Broadband
Wireless Access
802.11a
•ZigBee
•802.16
802.11b
•UWB Ultra Wide
Band
•802.16a
802.11g
•802.16d
802.11i
•802.16-2005
802.11n
•802.16e
Questions?
•Service at 155
MPH
•Working on
standard