Download Sexually Transmitted diseases and infections

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
AND INFECTIONS AND
CONTRACEPTIVES
CHAPTER 24+
STDS/STIS
• Infections spread from person to person through sexual contact
• A person must engage in sexual activity that involves direct contact with someone with an STD
• Some STDs are caused by a bacterial infection and can be cured with medication
• Other STDs are cause by viruses an are incurable
• MOST common STDs are asymptomatic- individuals show no symptoms, or
the symptoms are mild and disappear after the onset of the infection
• Lack of symptoms make STDs very dangerous
• 9 million young people between the ages of 15-24 will become infected with an STD each year
STDS IN THE UNITED STATES
STD
Estimated Number of New Cases
Each Year
Reported Cases
HPV
6.2 million
5.5 million
Chlamydia
3 million
1,108,374
Genital Herpes
1 million
317,000
Gonorrhea
700,000
355,991
Trichomoniasis
7.4 million
205,000
Syphilis
70,000
40,920
Hepatitis B
120,000
46,000
HPV
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A group of more then 100 kinds of viruses
Symptoms- genital warts, which appear as bumps or growths near or on the genitals
Most cases do not have symptoms and will disappear without medical treatment
Long Term Effects- females could develop cervical cancer
Diagnosis Method- Pap test in females, genital warts diagnosed by a physical examination
Treatment/Cure- NO CURE; warts may clear up with or without medication
• HPV Vaccine- a vaccine that can prevent cervical cancer, pre-cancerous genital lesions (sores) and genital warts
caused by genital HPV infections. Prevents against the 4 most common types of HPV for females 9-25 years of
age
CHLAMYDIA
• Most common STD amongst teens
• Symptoms
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MALES- penis discharge, burning during urination, itching or burning sensations around penis
FEMALES- lower abdominal pain, nausea, fever, bleeding between periods, pain during intercourse,
muscle ache, headache, abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating
• Long Term Effects•
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MALES- inflammation of the urethra
FEMALES- inflammation of the cervix, damage to fallopian tubes, chronic pelvic pain, infertility
• Diagnosis Method- Urine tests, tests on specimen collected from the infected site
• Treatment/Cure- Antibiotics
GENITAL HERPES
• HERPES SIMPLEX 1- causes cold sores in or near the
mouth
• HERPES SIMPLEX 2- causes genital sores
• Symptoms- Blisters on or around genitals or rectum,
sores that can take weeks to heal, flu-like symptoms,
fever and swollen glands
• Long Term Effects- Psychological distress; can cause
life threatening infection with baby born to mother
with the disease
• Diagnosis Method- Visual inspection by health care
professional, testing of infected sore, blood tests
• Treatment/Cure- NO CURE, antiviral medication can
shorten and prevent outbreaks
GONORRHEA
• 2nd most reported STDs in the US
• Symptoms
• MALES- burning sensation when urinating, green/yellow/ or white discharge from penis,
painful, swollen testes
• FEMALE- pain or burning when urinating, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding
between periods
• Long Term Effects
• MALES- painful condition of testes leading to infertility if untreated
• FEMALES- chronic pelvic pain and infertility, pass infection to babies during childbirth
• Diagnosis Method- Laboratory test, urine test
• Treatment/Cure- Antibiotics, medications stop infection but cannot repair damage done by
disease
TRICHOMONIASIS – “TRICH”
• Symptoms
• MALES- Temporary irritation inside penis, mild burning after urination or ejaculation
• FEMALES- Thick, grey or yellowish green vaginal discharge with strong odor, painful
urination, vaginal itching
• Long Term Effects- Discomfort, higher chance to get other STDs, premature or
low-birth-weight babies born to infected females
• Diagnosis Method- Physical examination and laboratory test
• Treatment/Cure- Prescription drug, both partners should receive treatment at
the same time
SYPHILIS
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An infection caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete
Progresses in three stages
Symptoms- single sore on the genitals, skin rash; sores disappear but infection remains
Long Term Effects- Serious damage to internal organs, including brain, heart and nerves
Diagnosis Method- Physical examination, blood test
Treatment/Cure- Penicillin or other antibiotics, treatment will not repair damage already done
HEPATITIS B
• Serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
• For some people, hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six
months
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Common ways HBV is transmitted include:
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Sexual contact, sharing of needles, mother to child
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Symptoms- Abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea
and vomiting, weakness and fatigue, and jaundice
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Long Term Effects- Scarring of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure
Diagnosis Method- Blood test
Treatment/Cure- Anti-biotics or a liver transplant
HIV/AIDS
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- a virus that attacks the immune system
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HIV is spread in three ways
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)- a disease in which the immune system
is weakened
1.
2.
3.
During sexual intercourse
By sharing needles
From mother to baby
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Destroys the immune system in 4 stages- symptoms include: fever, headache, weight
loss, swollen glands, and death
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Diagnosis Method- Laboratory tests, blood drawn
Treatment/Cure- NO CURE, medication to slow down symptoms and growth of the
virus
PREVENTION TO STDS
• Antibiotics- a class of chemical agents that destroy disease-causing
microorganisms while leaving the patient unharmed
• The only method that is 100 percent successful in preventing the contraction
and spread of STDs is abstinence
• Avoiding high risk behaviors:
• Being sexually active with more then one person
• Using alcohol and other drugs
• Engaging in unprotected sex
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
ABSTINENCE
• Is a commitment
• 100% effective
• Not having intercourse
• Helps prevent the transmission of STI’s
DIFFERENT METHODS
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Rhythm Method
Douching
Male Condom
Female Condom
Spermicide
Diaphragm
Sponge
Oral Contraceptives
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Patch
Mirena
Nuvaring
Implanon
Depo-Provera
Coitus Interruptus
Dental Dams
IMPLANT
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Implanon / Nexplanon
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Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus
Hormonal- does not protect against STDs
A match stick size capsule of hormones that is surgically placed under the skin in the
upper arm
Works for three years but then needs to be removed surgically
Changes lining of the uterus
99% effective
Not good with everyone; discuss with doctor
IUD
• This plastic IUD releases a small amount of the synthetic hormone progestin to
help your body keep sperm from passing through your cervix
• Lasts up to 3-12 years
• Can have removed at anytime
• May give you lighter periods
• See a provider for insertion
• Effectiveness- 99.9%
• Does not protect against STDs
THE SHOT
• An injection of hormone administered every three months by a doctor
• Blocks ovulation
• Stops menstruation
• Does not prevent STDs
• 99% effective
• Side effects
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Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all
Headaches
Changes in appetite
Weight gain
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
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“Birth Control Pills”
Chemically made hormones that prevent a women from ovulation
Must be taken daily
95% effective if used correctly
Does not prevent against STI’s
Talk to your doctor and parents about taking the pill
Side effects
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Weight gain
Lighter periods
Changes to menstrual cycle
PATCH
• A transdermal skin patch which contains hormones to prevent pregnancy
• A new patch is put on every week
• You can swim, shower, etc with it on
• 94% effective
• Does not protect against STDs
• Requires doctor’s prescription
NUVARING
• A small ring made of plastic and hormones that is placed into the vagina and
left in place for three weeks
• A new ring is inserted each month
• On the 4th week, she would get her period
• 95% effective
• Requires a doctors prescription
MALE CONDOM
• A thin sheath made of latex and polyurethane or animal tissue that is placed
on an erected penis as a barrier
• Protects against STDs
• 95% effective
• Only if used correctly!
• One size fits almost everyone
• Can be purchased at all drug stores, Walmart, WaWa; without a prescription
DIAPHRAGM
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A rubber cup that is filled with spermicide and is placed over the cervix.
It works by blocking the sperm
Can be used over and over again if cleaned and stored properly
Must be kept in place for 6 hours after intercourse
Early removal may lead to pregnancy
Not recommended for teens
84% effective
Provider will find the correct size for you and prescribe you
CERVICAL CAP
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A cervical cap is a silicone cup you insert in your
vagina to cover your cervix and keep sperm out
of your uterus
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You need to use a cervical cap with spermicide
for it to be most effective
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Barrier method- keeps sperm from entering the
cervix
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After sexual intercourse cap must be left in for 6
hours
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Effectiveness- 20-40%
Provider will find the correct size for you and
prescribe you
FEMALE CONDOM
• Same as male condom but for a women
• Barrier method and protects against STDs
• Purchased at all drug stores
• Use with lubricant but never another condom
• 75%-82% effective
SPONGE
• A soft disposable sponge that contains spermicide and is placed over the
cervix
• Over the counter at drug stores
• Spermicide must activated with water
• Works for 24 hours but needs a minimum
of 6 hours to be effective
• 66% effective if used correctly
• Does not protect against STDs
RHYTHM METHOD
• Abstaining from intercourse anytime that an egg might present
• Why is this method so unreliable?
• There is no way to accurately predict the correct time
• Typically 75% to 87% effective
• Does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
• The withdrawal method of contraception
• The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina and away from a
woman's external genitals before ejaculation to prevent pregnancy
• Sperm may enter the vagina if withdrawal isn't properly timed or if preejaculation fluid contains sperm
• Does not protect against STDs
• 65% effective if done perfectly
SPERMICIDE
• Chemicals that kill sperm before they enter the uterus
• They come in different creams, foams, and jellies
• Used with many different contraceptives but should never be used a lone
• 70-80% effective
• Does not protect against STDs
MORNING AFTER PILL
• NOT A FORM OF BIRTH CONTROL!!
• Emergency Form
• Something that you can use if an “accident” or rape occurs
• This is a pill that can be purchased at a drug store which prevents fertilization and
implantation
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Must be taken within 24/48 hours of incident
Must be 17 years of age to purchase
Cost $50-$60
Not effective if already pregnant (will not terminate an existing pregnancy)