Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Guns, Germs, and Steel wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Archaic globalization wikipedia , lookup
Migration Period wikipedia , lookup
Education in the Age of Enlightenment wikipedia , lookup
Contemporary history wikipedia , lookup
Modern history wikipedia , lookup
Proto-globalization wikipedia , lookup
Early modern period wikipedia , lookup
Great Divergence wikipedia , lookup
History of Europe Project by Edwin Cho, Anthony Chan, Doris Chen, Julia Cha, Riaad Persaud, Lecvy Chan, James Chen Europe: 8000 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E Europe 2000 B.C.E Nomadic and huntergatherer groups spread throughout Europe across the East to towards the West. With the development of agriculture, sedentary settlements appeared along with complex political organizations. Interaction between humans and the environment There were loosely grouped farmers, nomads, and huntergatherers in Europe from 7000 B.C.E. to 2000 B.C.E. Indo-European tribes gradually settled in most of Europe during this period. Some intermingled with existing groups. An Italic tribe settled in Italy. The Celts migrated from central Europe to the Western areas. The earliest known civilization in this region is in Minoan Crete during 2700 B.C.E. Early Greeks arrived at around 1600 B.C.E and formed Mycenaean civilization. From the bronze and iron age, there were many utensils and tools made to aid humans. Megaliths were constructed in Western Europe and the Mediterranean during the Neolithic age (i.e. Stonehenge in England) Development and interaction of cultures Prehistoric societies buried their dead, worshipped deities, and practiced religious rituals. Early forms of religion (i.e. ancestor worship, animism, and shamanism) Many believed in afterlife and sacrifices to please deities/gods. Cultural diffusion allowed for exchange of ideas, religious beliefs between societies. State-building, expansion, and conflict Villages throughout the continent were common due to agriculture. With an increase in population and surplus of food, it allowed for development of specialized skills. Led to the formation of political organizations (elite classes, bureaucracies, monarchies, oligarchies). Building of empires through military conquest. Development of weapons and city defense due to nomadic attacks. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Early societies were based on hunting and foraging. Development of agriculture allowed for the transition from a nomadic to sedentary life. Led to class distinction, specialization of labor. Idea and concept of private property. Mediterranean Trade was active throughout the period. Phoenicians trade with the Greeks introduced them to alphabets and new ideas. Trade networks followed waterways for ease. Cities as centers of cultural exchange and trade. Development and transformation of social structures Most societies were patriarchal but few prioritized women. Early social units were developed (i.e. clans based on kinship) Because of agriculture, there was gender division. Specialization of labor led to an early form of social differences (i.e. aristocrats, merchants, peasants) Slavery was common since manual labor was needed for early formation of societies. Europe: 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. Europe 500 B.C.E Greek and Etruscan civilization are forming, while Celts and other Indo-European groups are spread out in the area. Interaction between humans and the environment Around 500 BCE, Celtic-speaking peoples settled throughout continental Europe from the central region. Asiatic and Germanic people migrated from east to west. Rome’s central location in Italy and the Mediterranean, and its ability to draw on the manpower resources of Italy, were important factors in its rise to empire. Larger impact on environment (i.e. expansion of farming, canals, structures) Roman Aqueducts brought water to large cities. Development and interaction of cultures The Celts worshiped many gods in natural settings. The Druids, a priestly class in Gaul (France) and Britain, played a major role in religion, education, and intertribal legal matters. New ideas in Greece challenged traditional notions, leading to individualism, science, and history. In the Hellenistic Age, Greeks borrowed from the ancient heritages of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Constantine’s embrace of Christianity in the early 4th century CE made it virtually the official religion of the empire. Trade and missionary activity allowed for spreading of religions. The Arch revolutionized architecture. Concrete was also first used. State-building, expansion, and conflict The Roman Empire’s conquest of Celtic lands, followed later by Germanic invasions, pushed the Celtic language and culture to the western edge of the European continent. Sparta and Athens, though part of the same Greek civilization, evolved politically in different directions: Sparta toward a military oligarchy, Athens to democracy. In the mid-fourth century BCE, Philip II made Macedonia into a military power and forcibly united the Greek city-states. Early Rome was ruled by kings, but the Republic, inaugurated shortly before 500BCE, was guided by the Senate, a council of the heads of wealthy families. Roman expansion, first in Italy, then throughout the Mediterranean, was due to several factors: the ambition and desire for glory of its leaders, weaker states appealing to Rome for protection, and Roman fear of others’ aggression. The civil wars that brought down the Republic were fought by armies more loyal to their leaders than to the state. Augustus developed a new system of government, the Principate, and while claiming to restore the Republic, he really created a military dictatorship. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Greeks conducted most of their commercial activity by boat, aided by Greece’s coastal position. They replaced the barter system with a money system and Athens became a wealthy city at the center of the commercial activity. In Rome, Augustus established a common coinage. In Western Rome 476CE, there were tax revolts by the upper class and the church was exempt from taxes. There was a decrease in trade upon which the economy depended on. Development and transformation of social structures Celts lived in relatively small kinship (tribal) groups that were dominated by warrior elites. Hill-forts served as places of assembly and refuges. Athenian male citizens were able to participate in government and politics by restricting the rights and exploiting the labor of slaves and women. Within Italy, and later in the overseas provinces, Rome co-opted the elites of subject peoples and extended its citizenship. Subjects in the western provinces adopted the Latin language and Roman lifestyle. New law codes made societies more stable Common forms of forced labor and slavery. The Urban poor was formed. They are known as the Proletariat. Europe: 600 C.E. to 1450 Europe 750 C.E. The Frankish kingdom is formed and dominates central Europe. The Muslim invaders controlled the Iberian peninsula. The Byzantine Empire is beginning to be overtaken by the Arabs. Interaction between humans and the environment Goths and Vandals invaded and settled in central Europe and Iberian peninsula. Europe faced a population boom in the 13th century due to warm climate. Bubonic plague wiped out one third of Europe’s people. Urban Areas revived and more people settled in towns and cities. Watermills, stirrups, and plows were used during this period. The plow was able to increase food production Long Bows and Cannons were introduced in the Late Middle Ages. Development and interaction of cultures Christianity was the dominant religion in Europe, although many people chose to belong to other religion. Muslim invaders brought their religion to the Iberian peninsula. Constantinople was a center of Cultural development and knowledge. Monasteries was able to preserve Greek and Roman teachings and manuscripts. There was a religious tie to art and architecture. Romanesque architecture dominated most of the period, until Gothic architecture was introduced. State-building, expansion, and conflict The decentralized authority made Feudalism a favorable system. Although there were kings, local lords and nobles held the most power in their manors. Starting around 800, the Frankish kingdom was ruled by the Carolingian Dynasty, and under Charlemagne it expanded to contain most of western and central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was decentralized. Because of the growing gap between the rich and the poor, the peasants rose in rebellion and revolt. The crusades allowed Europe to interact with the outside world. The first crusades around 1096 gave Europe control of Jerusalem and other lands. Later crusades however were sponsored for greed, and lost causes Around the mid 1300’s plague, also known as the black death caused drastic population decline that took 150 years to rebuild. It was also a factor for the backwardness of medieval Europe. Magna Carta in England limited the King’s power. This also allowed a more representative government. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems With the introduction of the 3-fields system, plow, and warmer climates, agricultural production was greatly increased. With the help of Crusades, old trade routes were revived The bank was invented by Italian traders during the middle ages, and they were called merchant banks. They were important because they helped finance for long trade journey’s. The Italian ports of Venice and Genoa were important trading centers and so was the Baltic Sea which was moderated by the Hanseatic League In cities, guilds controlled trade and set standards for products. This meant there was little or no competition and profit was minimal. Labor was all done by serfs in the Manor. The serfs had to tend to the lands and other labor work. Development and transformation of social structures Men were seen as superior to women. However, the code of chivalry gives respect and honor to women. Noblewomen were respected and had more rights, but were unable to arrange marriage. Christianity was the main marker of difference. People who weren’t Christian were most likely resented. Muslims and Jews were never on even terms with Christians, and after the crusades, tension and conflicts further divided Muslims and Christians. Feudalism was the main social structure of medieval Europe. Kings were at the top of the social classes, but had little power. Nobles were at the top of the social classes within the manor. Serfs were peasants that has to work for the nobles. Europe: 1450 to 1750 Europe 1453 The Fall of the Byzantine Empire gives rise to the Ottoman Empire. Much of Europe is still a loosely tied kingdom. R Interaction between humans and the environment Columbian Exchange brought new types of crops to Europe (ex. Potatoes, maize, tomatoes, peanuts) lead to population increase. Cash crops like tobacco were more readily available in Europe. Some Europeans began to settle in the Americas. Invention of the printing press helped spread ideas. Development and interaction of cultures Reformation (1517-1648) led to split between Catholics, Protestants, Anglicans. Tension and religious persecution caused many people to migrate to New World. Scientific Revolution (1550-1700)- with the invention of the printing press, growth of universities, people start to focus on reason instead of religion. Revolutionary ideas about astrology, physics, mathematics, biology etc. Baroque style Art (1600-1750): highly emotional and ornate. Enlightenment (1650-1789)- emphasized human’s capability to reason Philosophers have ideas that humans have certain inalienable rights. State-building, expansion, and conflict Unification and centralization in countries Parliamentary democracy (powers from parliament) v. Absolute Monarchs who had unlimited power in the government. Glorious Revolution – war between Parliament and King. Parliament believes the King has too much power, advocates parliamentary democracy Exploration leads to the formation of colonies in the Americas, cape colony, and Indonesia. With exploration also came nationalism. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Commercial Revolution Population increase especially in Western Europe expansion of consumer market Influx of gold and silver led to inflation Mercantilism Promoted positive balance of trade, or having more exports than imports. Encouraged countries to have colonies that provide raw materials as well as a market to trade with Triangular slave trade Europeans began importing slaves from Africa in the 16th century for a work force. Triangular trade: manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to Americas, crops from Americas to Europe Development and transformation of social structures Most societies still patriarchal and male-dominated Women have limited access to professions, businesses. With the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, women found ways to gain influence and spread political ideas. (Ex: women held salons for thinkers to come and share ideas) Growth of middle class led to women starting to be more educated. Women physicians, artists, writers Previous to 1450, the only classes were made up of the noble landowners and peasants. Middle class growth blurred the line between nobles and peasants. Europe: 1750 to 1914 Europe 1914 Europe is at the Brink of World War I. Nations are better formed and more centralized Interaction between humans and the environment Mass migration of peasants from the rural areas to the urban cities in search for work in factories. Rapid growth of cities because of industrialization. (London grew from 500,000 in 1700 to 2 million by 1850.) Europeans migrated to the Americas to seek job opportunities. Extensive use of Earth’s resources (i.e. deforestation) Development and interaction of cultures The Enlightenment Period and Age of Reason – emergence of new political and philosophical ideas. Enlightenment ideals such as equality became very influential in many parts of the world. Western culture influenced Asian and African areas through colonization. European artists like the Impressionists were influenced by African sculptures, woodwork and Japan’s designs. State-building, expansion, and conflict French Revolution – methods of scientific inquiry political structures and forms of govt (1789) The rise of nationalism from French Revolution. Nation became new concept of identity. Nationalism became basis for revolutions elsewhere and Western imperialism. German unification in 1871 was a product on nationalism. Imperialism(1869-1914) – European nations were driven by need for raw materials for industries. “Scramble for Africa”, treaties with China, and British rule in India are all examples of imperialism. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Agricultural Revolution – allowed for a surplus and variety of food. Technological Revolution - mass production through division of labor Mechanization and new technology (steam engine, manufacture of iron, electricity) Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) – originated in Britain due to both the Tech. and Agri. Rev. Divide world into industrialized nations and non-industrialized (or developing) nations. Industrialized nations imperialized areas to protect economic interests. Improved transportation – railroads and steamships Capitalism: favors private ownership. Encourages a free market economy. Socialism: critiqued the money economy and suggested an economy run by the workers. Property was owned in common and work was shared. Development and transformation of social structures Rise of Bourgeoisie – large middle class who benefited in business enterprises. Rise of Proletariat – large working class in the factories and big industries Cult of Domesticity – justified removal of women from workplace and limited them to domestic work. Ideology against capitalism – socialism developed by Marx who supported communism, equal distribution of wealth, no social class. Wanted a “workers’ state.” Capitalism is the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Europe: 1914 to present Europe during World War II Interaction between humans and the environment During Industrial Revolution, environmental exploitation increased exponentially. Migration for political or economic reasons has contributed to global culture. 1960s: Movement of people from developing countries to industrialized countries (southern Europe to Western Europe. Post world war helped bring technology to the consumers. Radio, electrical appliances, aviation, and spread of cinema was introduced early in the time period. Development and interaction of cultures New technologies and weapons increased the conflict of WW I and was more devastating than any war to date. Postwar period throughout West and in Asia saw economic growth through advances in technology Importance of oil as a source of energy: OPEC (1960) established by oil producing countries. Space Race – Soviet Union developed both manned and unmanned space programs. (1950s – 1970s) Medical Breakthroughs from WWII medical field. Excelled in ultrasound and laser surgery. Global culture was created as a result of new technology. New Social Sciences began to question the conscience and existence. State-building, expansion, and conflict Bolshevik Revolution – built up Soviet Union with (Red Guard) World War I (1914 – 1918) – first global war, fighting drawnout to colonial assets of the European powers. (total war) Rise of Fascism (1920) (Lenin, Stalin in Russia, Nazi Germany) World War II (1939 – 1945) – Causes: Rise of fascism, German invasion (total war) Warsaw Pact and NATO Cold War (1945 – 1991) – conflict between US and Soviet Union; fought via diplomacy and stocking nuclear weapons as a deterrent against actual war. Prague Spring – calls for reforms in communism Collapse of Soviet Communism (1989) The USSR broke up Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Fall of Communism in the Soviet Union 1989 – created new economic and ethnic problems. Many Communist government became capitalist. Postwar period throughout West saw economic growth through advances in technology. Trade with the East was also high. Global commerce and free trade agreements The European Economic Community – eliminated tariffs among member nations. Introduction of euro in 2002. (The EU) Development and transformation of social structures By 1930, right had been gained by women for right to vote During WWI and WWII, women gained opportunities outside the home by filling factory jobs. Many Women received suffrage. Women Actively participated in the industrialization efforts of the Soviet Union. Women played key roles in Communist Revolutions in Russia. Germany distrusted Jews and other ethnic groups. This resulted in the Holocaust. Bibliography Gascoigne, Bamber. "HISTORY OF EUROPE." HistoryWorld. HistoryWorld, from 2001 ongoing. Web. 01 May 2012. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1110 Sakoulas, Thomas. "Ancient Greece History." Ancient-Greece.org. 2003. Web. 1 May 2012. <http://www.ancient-greece.org/history/acropolis.html> Linda Alchin, L K.. "The Crusades." The middle ages. N.p., 2008. Web. 29 Apr 2012. <http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-crusades.htm> "Religion in the Middle Ages." The Middle Ages. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2012. <http://www.astolat.net/middleages/ma3.htm> "European Trade." The department of black studies. UC Santa Barbara, n.d. Web. 3 May 2012.<http://www.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/antillians/trade2.html>. Damerow. "Glorious Revolution." Union County College Faculty Web Site. Union County College, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 03 May 2012. <http://faculty.ucc.edu/eghdamerow/glorious_revolution.htm>. Kreis, Steven. "The Scientific Revolution, 1543-1600." The History Guide. The History Guide, 4 Aug. 2009. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture10c.html>. McNeill, J. R. "The Columbian Exchange." Learnnc.org. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchisttwoworlds/1866>. McCannon, John. Barron’s AP World History. New Hampshire: Barron’s Educational Series, 2012. Print