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A&P Exam 3
Total Points = 100
Name: Melissa Whitehurst
Fill in the blank
1. The mobile and immobile structures of the mouth help articulate a person’s speech
2. Fontanels accommodate rapid growth of the brain during infancy.
3. Resonant frequency is the natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical
parameters of the vibrating object.
4. The paired muscles called the orbicularis oris muscle controls labial movement such as
puckering.
5. Micrognathia is a congenital madibular hypoplasia that can lead to cleft palate.
6. The tongue is covered in mechanoreceptors which assist with feeling, maintaining
balance and hearing.
7. The risorius works with the buccinators to retract the corners of the mouth when smiling.
8. Taste buds and taste cells, also known as taste sensors are found within the epithelia of
the tongue.
9. An intervention for xerostomia would be sugarless liquids, hard candy, and gum.
10. Salivary glands produce saliva and secrete amylase, which breaks
down starch into maltose.
Multiple Choice
11. Which of the following is considered essential of speech acoustics according to the
source-filter theory?
a. Glottal source function
b. Transfer function
c. Radiated sound wave
d. All of the above
12. Mastication and deglutition require the integration of:
a. The lingual, the velum, the pharyngeal, and facial muscle movements
b. The lingual, the pharyngeal, the larynx, and the velum
c. Facial muscle movements, the velum, the lingual, and the larynx
d. The velum, the pharyngeal, the larynx, and facial musical movements
13. When resonating, all EXCEPT one of the following alternate during the speech process:
a. Pharyngeal cavity
b. Oral cavity
c. Nasal cavity
d. Pyramidal cavity
14. A resonator or voice acts as a filter by:
a. Modifying the frequency of vibration
b. Modifying the bandwidth of frequencies
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
15. The zygomatic bone articulates with:
a. The frontal bone, the zygomatic arch, the temporal bone, and the mandible
b. The zygomatic arch, the frontal bone, the maxilla, and the mandible
c. The maxilla, the frontal bone, the temporal bone, and the zygomatic arch
d. The zygomatic arch, the maxilla, the temporal bone, and the mandible
16. The immobile structures that are involved in articulation include all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. Alveolar ridge
b. Mandible
c. Hard palate
d. Teeth
17. Ossification of the fontanels is completed by:
a. 14-18 months
b. 16-20 months
c. 18-22 months
d. 20-24 months
18. The third upper and lower molar erupts by age:
a. 10-12 years
b. 12-13 years
c. 14-16 years
d. 17-21 years
19. The muscles of the velum include:
a. Levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, and
palatopharyngeus
b. Musculus uvulae, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and
zygomatic minor
c. Zygomatic minor, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and
palatoglossus
d. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, zygomatic minor, palatoglossus, and
palatopharyngeus
20. The nasal bone articulates with:
a. Frontal bone
b. Maxilla
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
21. The parts of the tongue include:
a. Dorsum, tip, base, and core
b. Root, tip, core, and base
c. Dorsum, root, base, and tip
d. Tip, core, dorsum, and root
22. Resonant frequency is affected by:
a. Length
b. Stiffness
c. Mass
d. All of the above
23. The sphenoid bone:
a. Is located at the base of the skull
b. Contains foramina
c. Is posterior bone of the eye orbit
d. All of the above
24. The voice quality of resonation include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Cheeks
b. Larynx position
c. Pharynx
d. Trechea
25. The muscles of mastication include:
a. Masseter, temproalis, medial and lateral pterygoid, and platysma
b. Temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid, masseter, and trigeminal
c. Trigeminal, medial and lateral pterygoid, platysma
d. Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid, and platysma
26. The coronal suture on the skull separates which two bones:
a. Occipital and temporal
b. Temporal and parietal
c. Frontal and parietal
d. Parietal and occipital
27. The ethmoid bone:
a. Separates nasal and cranial cavities
b. Provides conduit for olfactory nerves
c. Is the core of the skull and face
d. All of the above
28. The mobile structures that are involved in articulation are:
a. Tongue, lips, and maxilla
b. Tongue, maxilla, and mandible
c. Lips, mandible, and maxilla
d. Lips, mandible, and tongue
Matching Choose the BEST for the following:
29. _L_ Depresses the soft palate and elevates the tongue
30. _E_ Depress corners of the mouth to assist with frowning
31. _B_ Upper dental arch
32. _F_ Pulls the lips down and outward
33. _A_ Lower dental arch where the tongue rests
34. _G_ Assists with smiling
35. _H_ Draws corner of the mouth up and medially
36. _D_ Elevates and wrinkles the chin
37. _N_ Assists with nostril flare
38. _K_ Palatal elevator
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
Mandible
Maxilla
Platysma
Mentalis
Depressor Anguli Oris
Depressor Labii Inferioris
Zygomatic Major
Lavator Anguli Oris
Zygomatic Minor
Levator Labii Superioris
Levator Veli Palatini
Palatoglossus
Tensor Veli Palatini
Lavator Labii Superioris
Alaeque Nasi
Essay
39. Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, their function, and where they are
located.
There are four extrinsic muscles of the tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus,
styoglossus, and palatoglossus. The extrinsic muscles originate from the bone and extend to the
tongue. Their main functions are altering the tongue’s position. This allows for protrusion,
retraction, and side to side movements. The genioglossus runs from the chin to the tongue. It is
the major muscle responsible for protruding the tongue. The hyoglossus arises from the side of
the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It passes almost
vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue. It depresses and retracts the tongue and makes
the dorsum more convex. The styoglossus passes downward and forward between the internal
and external carotid arteries and it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface. It
draws up the sides of the tongue which creates a trough for swallowing, as well as in a pair it
aids in retracting the tongue. The palatoglossus arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate
where it is inserted into the side of the tongue. It elevates the posterior of the tongue, closes the
oropharyngeal isthmus, and aids the initiation of swallowing.
There are for intrinsic muscles of the tongue: superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal,
verticalis, and transversus. The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They
are not attached to the bone. The superior longitudinal is a thin stratum of oblique and
longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue.
It arises from the submucous fibrous layer close to the epiglottis and from the median fibrous
septum, and runs forward to the edges of the tongue. It allows the tongue to fan forward,
outward, and elevates the tongue tip. The inferior longitudinal is a narrow band situated on the
under surface of the tongue between the genioglossus and the hyoglossus. It extends from the
root to the apex of the tongue. Behind, some of its fibers are connected with the body of the
hyoid bone. In front it blends with the fibers of the styloglossus. It lowers the sides of the
tongueand pulls the tip of the tongue downward. The verticalis is only found at the borders of the
forepart of the tongue. Its fibers extend from the upper to the under surface of the tongue. It
flattens the tongue and can bring the tongue down to the floor of the mouth. The transversus
consists of fibers which arise from the median fibrous septum and passes laterally into the
submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue. It can narrow the tongue.
40. Give a detailed description of the process of a normal swallow and tell what the four
phases do.
A normal swallow consists of four different phases: oral preparatory phase, oral
phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase. In the oral preparatory stage, there is an
introduction of the food into the mouth. Once this is done, the mouth closes by sealing lips,
which keeps the food in the mouth, and in doing so breathing occurs through the nose. The
tongue humps up in the back and the velum is pulled down to keep food in the oral cavity. The
food is then ground up. The tongue keeps the food in the oral cavity by creating a seal with the
alveolar ridge and it compresses against the hard palate. This is in prep for chewing and
gradually moving it towards the teeth for chewing and pulling the food back for mixing with
saliva. The salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity to form bolus for swallowing. The
muscles of the buccal wall contract to keep the food from entering lateral sulcus between the
gums and cheek wall.
The oral stage begins when the bolus is prepared for swallowing. The back of the tongue
drops down and pulls posteriorly. Now mastication stops. The anterior of the tongue elevates to
the hard palate and squeezes the bolus back. The bolus contacts with the fauces stimulates
reflexes of the pharyngeal stage.
The pharyngeal stage begins with the complex sequence of reflexively controlled events.
The velum elevates to close the velopharyngeal port and respiration cease the reflexively. The
oral and nasal outlets are closed. The vocal folds are tightly adduct and the false vocal folds close
with the epiglottis constricted. The larynx moves up and forward with the epiglottis dropping
down to cover the laryngeal opening. The cricopharyngeus muscle relaxes so the bolus can move
into the esophagus. The pharyngeal constrictor muscles move the bolus downward.
Finally, the esophageal phase begins when the bolus reaches the orifice of the esophagus.
Peristaltic contraction and gravity move the bolus downward to the stomach. This is produced by
a series of localized reflexes in response to the distention of the wall by the bolus.