Download Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
среднего профессионального образования
Московской области
«Орехово-Зуевский медицинский колледж»
МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА
для аудиторной работы студентов
по дисциплине: «Английский язык»
Раздел: «Анатомия человека»
специальность
060101 «Лечебное дело»
060501 «Сестринское дело»
060301 «Фармация»
Преподаватель: Корягина О.А.
2011-2012 уч.год
Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
среднего профессионального образования
Московской области
«Орехово-Зуевский медицинский колледж»
РАССМОТРЕНО
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
на заседании ЦМК
протокол № ______
от «___» _______ 200___г.
председатель _______ Мисник Н.В.
Заместитель директора по
Учебной работе
__________ Миронова Л.В.
«___» _________ 200___г.
Методист колледжа
__________ Макарова Ю.А.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА
для аудиторной работы студентов
по дисциплине: «Английский язык»
Раздел: «Анатомия человека»
специальность
060101 «Лечебное дело»
060501 «Сестринское дело»
060301 «Фармация»
Преподаватель: Корягина О.А.
2011-2012 уч.год
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
1. Пояснительная записка.
2. Приложения:
№ 1 Parts of the human body
№ 2 Circulatory system
№ 3 Nervous system
№ 4 Respiratory system
№ 5 Digestive system
№ 6 Skeletal system
№ 7 Muscular system
№ 8 Final Tests
№ 9 Glossary
4. Используемая литература
Пояснительная записка
Методическое пособие «Анатомия человека» разработано в
соответствии с ФГОС и рабочей программой дисциплины «Английский
язык. Данное пособие предназначено как для аудиторной, так и
внеаудиторной работы студентов первых курсов.
Раздел «Анатомия человека» является базовым для дальнейшего
изучения английского языка в сфере медицины. Студенты медицинских
колледжей и училищ должны знать терминологию на английском языке
и переводить англоязычные тексты по данной тематике со словарем. В
соответствии с рабочей программой в данном пособии представлены
следующие темы «Части человеческого тела», «Внутренние органы»,
«Скелет человека», «Мышцы», «Кровь», «Сердечнососудистая система»,
«Пищеварительная система», «Дыхательная система».
Каждый тема включает набор необходимых лексических единиц,
текст для перевода, лексико-грамматические упражнения и развивающие
упражнения.
Parts of the Human Body
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
body - тело
head - голова
hair - волосы
face - лицо
cheek - щека
eye - глаз
ear - ухо
mouth - рот
tooth (teeth) – зуб (зубы)
arm - рука
leg - нога
hand – рука (кисть)
finger – палец (руки)
toe - палец (ноги)
thumb - большой палец руки
foot (feet) нога (ступня)
forehead - лоб
nose - нос
shoulder - плечо
chest – грудь (грудная клетка)
back - спина
skin - кожа
breast - грудь
navel - пупок
palm - ладонь
groin - пах
knee - колено
hip - бедро
Internal organs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
heart - сердце
lungs - легкие
tongue - язык
stomach - желудок
liver - печень
bladder – мочевой пузырь
kidney - почка
brain - мозг
bowels
кишечник
Parts of the Human Body
1. Answer the following questions.
 What do you think of your body?
 How do you take care of your body?
2. Read the text. Translate it.
The body is wonderfully made, like a complex, perfect machine. Each part is
specially constructed to carry out its own function, and to work as a whole with the
other parts.
The body has a strong frame work of bones called the skeleton. The skeleton
is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and
by skin on the outside.
The human body consists of three parts.
They are the head, the trunk and the limbs.
The main part of the head is called the
skull. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the
cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth
compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are
loading in the mouth. One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the
tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe
and smell with the nose.
The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. The trunk is
divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cavity of the trunk is
called thorax and lower one is called the belly. The lungs and the heart are located
above the diaphragms in the upper cavity. In the lower cavity we find interior
organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder kidneys, spleen and
intestines.
The upper limb is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and
the hand. The join between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is
the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index, middle
finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.
The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone, the shin-bone and the fibula. We
call the calf the back of the lower leg. The join between the femur and the lower
leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap. The joints
between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.
Vocabulary
1. construct [kən'strʌkt] - строить
2. to carry out - нести
3. to cover ['kʌvə] - покрывать
4. muscle ['mʌsl] - мышца
21.margin
кромка
5. tissue ['tɪʃu:]- ткань
['mɑːʤɪn]–
поле,
22.thorax ['θɔːræks] – грудная
клетка
6. trunk [trʌŋk] - туловище
7. limb [lɪm] - конечность
23.cavity ['kævətɪ] – полость
8. skull [skʌl] - череп
9. temple ['templ] - висок
24.diaphragm
диафрагма
10.chew [ʧu:] - жевать
11.to divide into[dɪ'vaɪd]
делиться на
17.knee-cap – коленная чашечка
18.ankle['æŋkl] -лодыжка
19.sole – подошва
20.frame [səul] – скелет, каркас
–
12.belly ['belɪ] – живот
13.shin-bone – большеберцовая
кость
14.thighbone
['θaɪbəun]
–
бедренная кость
15.joint - сустав
16.knee-joint –коленный сустав
['daɪəfræm]
–
25.wrist [rɪst] – запястье
26.thumb [θʌm] – большой палец
27.fibula
['fɪbjələ]
малоберцовая кость
28.calf [kɑːf] – икра
29.femur ['fi:mə] - бедро
–
Exercises
1. Make up 5 sentences with new words.
2. Answer the following questions.
 What is the human body?
 What is skeleton?
 What parts of the human body do you know?
 What is the main part of head?
 What fingers does the hand consist of?
3. Fill the gaps with prepositions.
 Each part is specially constructed to carry _____ its own function.
 The skeleton is covered ______ muscles.
 The human body consists ______ three parts.
 The upper limb is divided ______ the shoulder, the upper arm, the
forearm and the hand.
 The lungs and the heart are located _____ the diaphragms in the upper
cavity.
Cavities
Some body parts form spaces called cavities, in which important internal
organs are protected.
1. The cranial cavity or skull– contains the
brain
2. The thoracic cavity or chest contains:
 the lungs
 the air passages– trachea and bronchial
tubes
 the oesophagus or food pipe, which lies
behind the trachea
 the heart
 the great blood vessels, and the thoracic
duct (the largest lymphatic vessel)
3. The abdominal cavity, which is separated from the thoracic cavity by a domeshaped muscle called the diaphragm. It contains:
 the stomach
 the spleen
 the small intestine
 the kidneys
 the large intestine or bowel
 the ureters
 the liver
 the pancreas
4. The pelvic cavity which contains:
 the reproductive organs
 the bladder when empty (when full it rises into the abdominal cavity)
 the rectum
Vocabulary
1. cranial cavity ['kreɪnɪəl] – черепная коробка
2. thoracic cavity [θə'rasik] – грудная полость
3. trachea [trə'ki:ə] – трахея
4. bronchial tubes ['brɔŋkɪəl] – бронхиолы
5. oesophagus [i:'sɔfəgəs] – пищевод
6. abdominal cavity [æb'dɔmɪn(ə)l] – брюшная полость
7. dome-shaped – куполообразный
8. ureter [juə'ri:tə] – мочеточник
9. pancreas ['pæŋkrɪəs] – поджелудочная железа
10.pelvic cavity – тазовая полость
11.rectum ['rektəm] – прямая кишка
Cells
All living things, including the human body, are made up of living cells. The
cell is the structural and the functional unit with which the human body is built.
Tissues
Tissues are materials made up of groups of similar cells. Cells are of various
types, and tissues vary according to the types of cells in their structure.
Vocabulary
1. cell – клетка
2. to vary ['vɛərɪ] - менять
Organs and Systems
Tissues are jointed into larger units called organs, such as the heart, lungs,
brain, liver. Each organ is made up of types of tissue, which enable it to do its
special work. A system is a group of organs, which together carry out one of the
essential functions of the body. There are nine systems, listed below. All of these
systems work harmoniously together in a healthy body.
Skeletal System
Support, movement and
protection
Muscular
System
Movements and
production of heat
Nervous System
Control of body activities
Circulatory
System
Transport of food and
oxygen, waste
products, etc
Respiratory
System
Taking in of oxygen and
giving off
carbon-di-oxide
Digestive System
Taking in food, breaking
it down into nutrients for
use by body cells
Excretory
System
Removal of waste matter
from the body
Endocrine
System
Production of hormones,
which
influence the activity of
cells
Reproductive
System
Enable s new individuals
to be born
Vocabulary
1. harmoniously [hɑː'məunɪəslɪ] – гармончно
2. muscular ['mʌskjələ, 'mʌskjulə] – мышечная система
3. circulatory [,sɜːkju'leɪt(ə)rɪ] – циркулирующий
4. respiratory [rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ] – дыхательный
5. igestive [daɪ'ʤestɪv] – пищеварительный
6. excretory [eks'kri:tərɪ] – выделительный
7. endocrine ['endəukraɪn] - эндокринный
8. support - поддержка
9. movement - движение
10.protection - защита
11.heat - жара
12.waste - отходы
13.nutrient – питательное вещество
14.removal - перемещение
15.influence - влияние
16.enable - возможный
Exercises
1. Place in the table the organs or part of the organs with the systems that they
belong.







brain
veins
lungs
esophagus
maxillary
spinal cord
abdominals
System
Digestive
Endocrine
Muscular
Nervous
Respiratory
Skeletal
Circulatory







Organ
thymus gland
aorta
heart
biceps
clavicle
femur
trachea
Organ






nose
mouth
salivary glands
tongue
sweat glands
Achilles tendon
 cerebellum
Organ
2. Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph with the appropriate
preposition from the list. Use each only one time.
 into
 by
 of
 against
 in
 for
 through
a. The immune system protects the body ________ infections, and diseases. It is
formed _______ the lymphatic system and the skin.
b. There are 206 bones ______ our body; the bones are always busy. They store
calcium and contain the bone marrow, which produces the body’s red and white
blood cells and platelets.
c. The purpose ______ the respiratory system is to take oxygen _______ the body
and get rid of carbon dioxide (a waste product).
d. The muscle system is responsible _______ the body’s flexibility and movement.
e. The senses function _________ specialized organs, all of which are related to
the nervous system.
4. Give the full answer.
What do you think is the most important system in
your body and explain why?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Review
1. The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller
structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
2. An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged
that together they can perform a special function.
3. A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so
arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body.
4. Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
cardiovascular,
lymphatic,
respiratory,
digestive,
urinary,
and
the
reproductive system.
5. Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body
systems. Survival of the body depends on the body's maintaining or
restoring homeostasis, a state of relative constancy, of its internal
environment.
6. Human life process includes organization, metabolism, responsiveness,
movements, reproduction, growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and
excretion. All these processes work together, in fine-tuned balance, for the
well-being of the individual and to maintain life.
7. Life depends on certain physical factors from the environment, which
include water, oxygen, nutrients, heat, and pressure.
The human body is the entire physical structure of a
human organism
The
human
body is a complex,
highly organized structure
made up of unique cells
that work together to
accomplish the specific
functions necessary for
sustaining
life.
The
biology of the human
body includes structure
(anatomy) and function
(physiology).
The adult body is
made up of :
100 trillion cells
206 bones
600 muscles
22 internal organs
Do you know that










more than half the bones
in the human body are
in the hands and feet?
the highest recorded
"sneeze speed" is 165
km (102 miles) per
hour?
the heart beats about 3
billion times in the
average person's
lifetime?
a newborn baby has 350
bones, but a fully-grown
adult has only 206?
blood is a liquid organ?
everyone is colorblind at
birth?
the surface area of the
lungs is approximately
the same size as a tennis
court?
food will get to your
stomach even if you're
standing on your head?
skin is the largest body
organ?
the average adult is
The human body is
like a complex
organization that
has an important
job to get done on a
tight deadline. In
order
to
get
everything
done
perfectly and on
time, it has to use a
system. Actually,
the human body
uses many systems
that work side by
side.
The human body is an example of
highly developed multicellular
organism. It develops from a
fertilized egg cell. This cell
continues to multiply rapidly and
forms all the tissues of the body.
Each tissue has its function. A
tissue is an aggregation of
morphologically similar cells and
associated intercellular matter that
form an organ. A group of
physiologically or anatomically
complementary organs form a
system. The systems carry out one
of the main functions of the body.
The human body has nine systems:
skeletal, muscular, respiratory,
digestive, circulatory, excretory,
reproductive,
nervous
and
glandular.
The anatomical parts of the body
are the head, the trunk, and the
upper and lower limbs. The vital
organs of digestion, respiration,
circulation and response to the
environment lie in cavities in the
head and trunk. The limbs that are
used for locomotion or grasping
are outgrowths from the trunk.
There are many systems in the human body:
Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels)
Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs)
Immune System (many types of protein, cells, organs, tissues)
Skeletal System (bones)
Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys)
Urinary System (bladder, kidneys)
Muscular System (muscles)
Quiz
Instruction: Find out the following words
E
Y
J
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C
W
M
P
A
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F
Q
Z
Y
B
S
H
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HEART
TOE
MUSCLES
SPINE
LUNGS
BLADDER
EARS
FINGER
FOOT
EYES
KIDNEY
VEINS
LIVER
HEAD
BONE
NOSE
ARM
HAND
SKIN
BRAIN
TONGUE
LEG
Test #1
Human Body
Instruction: Chose the correct answer.
1. _____________ investigates the body's structure, whereas __________
investigates the processes or functions of living things.
a. Physiology, cytology
b. Physiology, anatomy
c. Anatomy, histology
d. Histology, cytology
e. Anatomy, physiology
2. The study of tissues is called
a. cytology.
b. anatomy.
c. histology.
d. anatomic imaging.
e. physiology.
3. Ultrasound, X-rays, CT, and MRI are all examples of
a. anatomic imaging.
b. surface anatomy.
c. regional anatomy.
d. gross anatomy.
e. cytology.
4. A group of cells with similar structure and function, together with the
extracellular substances located between them, form a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
organism.
organelle.
tissue.
organ.
organ system.
5. The basic living unit of all plants and animals is the
a. cell.
b. chemical.
c. organ.
d. organelle.
e. tissue.
6. Which organ system removes substances from the blood, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fat from the digestive tract?
a. endocrine
b. integumentary
c. lymphatic
d. respiratory
e. urinary
7. Which organ system consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands?
a. endocrine
b. integumentary
c. lymphatic
d. respiratory
e. urinary
8. Which organ system consists of hormone-secreting glands, such as the
pituitary and thyroid glands?
a. endocrine
b. integumentary
c. lymphatic
d. respiratory
e. urinary
Test #1
Name: Anatomy
Answers
1-c
2-c
3-a
4-c
5-a
6-c
7-b
8-c
Test # 2
Human Body Parts
Instructions:
Chose the correct answer.
1. What is the smallest living part of the body?
a) tissue
b) nerve
c) cell
2. What gas does your body need?
a) oxygen
b) carbon dioxide
c) pollution
3. How is oxygen carried to the cells?
a) nerves
b) blood
c) tissue
4. Nerves carry messages from a body part to the _________.
a) feet
b) brain
c) ear
5. All people grow _______.
a) differently
b) at the same rate
c) when they want to
6. This is where food is changed into a thin liquid.
a) nerves
b) heart
c) small intestine
7. Our bodies grow because our cells make new ______.
a) bones
b) tendons
c) tissue
8. What does your body get rid of when you breath out?
a) oxygen
b) carbon dioxide
c) water
9. Your heart and brain are two of your ___________.
a) organs
b) tissues
c) nerves
10. How many senses do you have?
a) ten
b) two
c) five
Test #2
Human Body Parts
Answers
1-c
2-a
3-b
4-b
5-a
6-c
7-c
8-b
9-a
10-c
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and
control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation.
The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and
goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving
the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body
to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system
of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it
reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood
and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
to make up - составлять
vessel - сосуд
flow - течь
circulation - кровообращение
5. ventricle - желудочек
6. to remove - перемещать
7. replace - менять
8. to inhale -вдыхать
Veins and Arteries
Arteries
Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the
arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest
arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair.
These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The
color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
Veins
Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules,
are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark
red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need
to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under
less pressure.
Vocabulary
1. tough - жесткий
2. tube - труба
3. join - соединять
4. wall-стенка
Heart
Heart is the strongest muscle? Heart is divided into two sides. The right side
pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygensoaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a
team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per
day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your
heart is about the same size as a fist.
Vocabulary
to pump - качать
pick up - собирать
oxygen-soaked - кислородосодержащий
quart – кварта (единица объема в Великобритании)
fist - кулак
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blood
Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adults body
there is 10.6 pints of blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of
living blood cells floating in a liquid called plasma. If you took a small sample of
this blood and liquid it into a test tube and then put it in a machine called a
centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine spins
the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood
cells, from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the
heavier, more solid parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter.
The plasma is 95% water and the other 5% is made up of dissolved substances
including salt.
1. thick - толстый
2. little bit - немного
Vocabulary
3. adult - взрослый
4. to float - плавать
5.
6.
7.
8.
liquid - жидкий
to separate - разделять
platelet - тромбоцит
solid - твердый
9. to remain - пребывать
10.to sink - тонуть
11.dissolved- растворенный
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
 What does Circulatory System consist of?
 What is circulation?
 What is the largest artery in the body?
 What do know size of your heart?
 What are the main elements of blood?
 How many liters of blood are in the human body?
2. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
veins
arteries
nutrients
capillaries
away
transport
oxygen
energy
dark
heat
circulatory
lungs
carbon dioxide
bright
to
blood
heart
pumped
intestine
atmosphere
All animals need to ________________ materials around to the different parts of
their body. This is the job of the ________________ system. The circulatory
system consists of a liquid called _______________, a pump called the
________________ and a series of vessels called _________________ and
________________.
One thing that must be transported around is a gas called _____________. Oxygen
enters the blood through the ______________. It is then ____________ through
the heart and around the body where it is used along with food to make
______________. The body produces another gas called _______________, which
is a waste product. This gas is carried back to the heart and then to the lungs where
it is released back into the _______________.
The vessels that transport blood _________ from the heart are called arteries. The
blood in arteries is _____________ red because it is rich in oxygen. The vessels
that transport blood _______________ the heart are called veins. The blood in
veins is ______________ red because it is low in oxygen. ________________ are
small vessels that join the arteries and veins.
_______________ from food are also transported around the body by the
circulatory system. They enter the blood from the small _________________. The
circulatory system also helps to regulate temperature by transporting
_________________ around the body.
Crossword
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Across
Down
3. The place where nutrients enter the blood.
1. The heart ___________ blood.
7. The pump in the circulatory system.
2. The heart, blood, and vessels.
8. A small vessel that connects veins and arteries.
4. Blood in arteries is ____________ red because it
is rich in oxygen.
10. The circulatory system ___________ nutrients,
gases, liquids, and heat around the body.
5. The largest artery in the body.
11. The circulatory system transports this, which
helps regulate temperature.
6. A waste gas that is transported in veins from the
body to the lungs via the heart.
12. The liquid in the circulatory system.
9. A vessel that moves blood away from the heart.
13. The place where oxygen enters the blood and
carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
14. A vessel that moves blood to the heart.
15. A gas that is transported in arteries from the
lungs to the rest of the body via the heart.
Word Search
aorta
carbon dioxide
lungs
transport
artery
circulate
nutrients
valve
blood
dark red
oxygen
vein
bright red
four chambers
pump
water
capillary
heart
red blood cells
white blood
cells
Test #3
Circulatory System
Instructions: Decide whether the following are true or false.
1. The circulatory system is a transport system.
a) True
b) False
2. The circulatory system carries CO2 to all cells in the body.
a) True
b) False
3. The heart is actually a muscle.
a) True
b) False
4. When you play basketball, your body is working harder than when you are at
rest.
a) True
b) False
5. Your body uses nutrients and oxygen to give your cells energy.
a) True
b) False
6. The liquid part of blood is called red blood cells.
a) True
b) False
7. Platelets are a part of blood that helps the blood to clot.
a) True
b) False
8. White blood cells help fight off infection.
a) True
b) False
9. Plasma is made of mostly red blood cells.
a) True
b) False
10. The red blood cells give the blood its color.
a) True
b) False
Test #3
Circulatory System
Answers
1-a
2-b
3-a
4-a
5-a
6-b
7-a
8-a
9-b
10-a
The Nervous
System
The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One
of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body's
control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the
body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to
respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work
together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the
autonomic nervous system.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
spinal cord – спинной мозг
to send - посылать
to receive - получать
to respond - отвечать
environment - окружение
Questions
1. What organs are made up nervous system?
2. What is the function of nervous system?
3. What parts of nervous system do you know?
Central Nervous System
Brain
The brain keeps the body in order. It helps to control all of the body systems
and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to
think, feel, remember and imagine. In general, the brain is what makes us behave
as human beings.
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and
the nerves. They tell the brain what is going on in the body at all times. This
system also gives instructions to all parts of the body about what to do and when to
do it.
Spinal Cord
Nerves divide many times as they leave the spinal cord so that they may reach
all parts of the body. The thickest nerve is 1 inch thick and the thinnest is thinner
than a human hair. Each nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of neurons
(nerve cells). The spinal cord runs down a tunnel of holes in your backbone or
spine. The bones protect it from damage. The cord is a thick bundle of nerves,
connecting your brain to the rest of your body.
Central Nervous
"Senses"
Senses
There are five main senses - touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight. These are
the external sensory system, because they tell you about the world outside your
body. Your senses tell you what is happening in the outside world. Your body's
sense organs constantly send signals about what is happening outside and inside it
to your control center - the brain.
The cerebrum is part of the forebrain. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of
the cerebrum. Certain areas of the cerebral cortex are involved with certain
functions.
Sensory areas such as touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight receive messages
from the skin, nose, mouth, ears and eyes. We feel, taste, hear and see when these
messages are received by the sensory parts of the brain.
The Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of nerve cells or neurons that are "wired" together
throughout the body, somewhat like communication system. Neurons carry
messages in the form of an electrical impulses. The messages move from one
neuron to another to keep the body functioning.
Vocabulary
1. to keep the body in order – поддерживать тело в порядке
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
to allow – позволять
rest – остаток
bundle – пучок
external – внешний
forebrain – передний мозг
cerebral cortex – кора
involve – вовлекать
to wire – связывать
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the function of brain?
How does the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
What senses do you know?
What is neuron?
What is the function of neuron?
Quiz
Instruction: Fill the blank





Eyes
Nose
Tongue
Skin
Ears
Sense




Detect sound
Detect color and light
Detects scents
Detects tastes: sweet, salty, sour
and bitter
 Detects pain, pressure, heat and
cold
Organ
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
Quiz
Instruction: Find Words
Job
Test #4
The Brain
Instructions:
Select the correct answer from the choices listed.
1. What is the largest part of your brain? Circle Answer
a) cerebrum
b) cerebellum
c) hypothalamus
d) medulla oblongata
2. What does the central nervous system contain? Circle Answer
a) the cerebral cortex
b) the eyes and ears
c) the brain and spinal cord
3. What is found at the base of the brain? Circle Answer
a) the cerebellum
b) the brain stem
c) the hypothalamus
4. Which part of the brain smooths out movement? Circle Answer
a) the cerebellum
b) the hypothalamus
c) the cerbral cortex
5. What part of the brain controls hunger and thirst? Circle Answer
a) cerebellum
b) cerebrum
c) hypothalamus
d) medulla oblongata
6. The __________ are membranes that cover the brain. Circle Answer
a) pons
b) meninges
c) meningitis
d) fissures
7. The cerebrum consists of two halves called the left and right ____________.
Circle Answer
a) lobes
b) fissures
c) hemispheres
d) cortex
8. The brain contains: Circle Answer
a) neurons
b) glial cells
c) blood vessels
d) all of the above
9. Very early in life, brain cells stop: Circle Answer
a) functioning
b) increasing in number
c) increasing in size
10. The control center for thinking is the: Circle Answer
a) meninges
b) medulla oblongata
c) cerebellum
d) cerebrum
Test #4
The Brain
Answers
1-a
2-c
3-b
4-a
5-b
6-a
7-b
8-c
9-b
10-c
Respiratory System
All animals need oxygen to live. Land animals get oxygen from the air.
Without the oxygen in the air we cannot survive more than a few minutes.
Breathing happens automatically, we do not have to even think about it.
We breathe in order to take oxygen into our bodies and get rid of carbon
dioxide. The oxygen is carried in the blood to all the body's cells. The air we breath
out has 100 times more carbon dioxide than the air we breath in.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
land animals –сухопутные животные
to survive - выживать
to get rid - избавляться
carbon dioxide – углекислый газ
Nose and Nasal Cavity
The respiratory system is made of body parts that are in charge of your
breathing. It includes your nose and nasal cavity. You air though your nose. As you
inhale, small specks of dirt are trapped by many tiny hairs in your nose. This cleans
the air. The hairs stop the dirt from going further in your body. The moist inside
surface in your nose traps even smaller pieces of dirt. The nasal cavity, the air
passage behind the nose, plays an important role in breathing. The nasal cavity is
divided into a right and left passageway. The tissue that covers the wall of your
nasal cavity contains many blood vessels. Heat from the blood in the vessels helps
warm the air as you breath. Moisture is added to the air you breath by special cells
in the walls of the nasal cavity. The air is warmed and moistened before it reaches
your lungs.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nasal cavity носовая полость
to inhale - вдыхать
speck - покрывать
moist - влажный
surface - поверхность
6.
7.
8.
9.
to trap - ловить
passageway - отверстие
moisture - влага
to
add
добавлять
Windpipe and Bronchial Tree
The windpipe (trachea) joins the upper respiratory tract to the lungs. If you
gently touch the front of your throat you can feel the trachea. The bottom of the
trachea splits into two branches called bronchi. One enters the right lung and one
goes to the left lung.
The bronchial tree's job is to spread the air from the trachea over a very wide
area as quickly as possible. The air passing through the windpipe divides into two
branches. These divide into twigs called bronchioles. These twigs open into little
bags called alveoli.
We have about 300 million alveoli (air sacs) in each lung. The alveoli gives our
lungs a huge surface for absorbing oxygen from the air.
Lungs
Lungs provide the breath of life. Our lungs are about the size of a pair of
footballs. They fill our chest from the neck to the ribs. The lungs are protected by
our ribs. The lungs are the pickup place for oxygen and the drop off place for
carbon dioxide. The lungs are always working, breathing in oxygen and breathing
out carbon dioxide.
Blood is pumped into the lungs from the heart through the pulmonary arteries.
Blood with oxygen leaves the lungs through the pulmonary veins and travels to the
heart. Oxygen is the fuel that makes all the body processes run.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
gently – мягко
bottom – низ
to split – расщеплять
twig – ветка
to provide – обеспечивать
6. pickup – перевозка
7. pulmonary arteries – легочные
артерии
8. fuel –горючее
Questions
1. What organs are made up respiratory system?
2. What do lungs provide?
3. What protect lungs?
Quiz
Instruction: Write down organs of respiratory system
Crossword
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Across
Down
2. One of two places where air enters your body.
1. This prevents food from going down your lungs.
4. When we exhale we breathe this plus carbon
dioxide.
3. All animals need this gas to make energy from
food.
7. You do this when something irritates your nose.
5. Scientific name for the windpipe.
8. You do this when you don't get enough oxygen
to your blood.
6. Inhale and exhale.
11. A gas that you breathe out. It is a waste gas.
14. The place where oxygen enters the blood.
16. You do this when something irritates your
diaphragm.
17. Breathe out.
19. Large muscle that controls the lungs.
9. Common name for the trachea.
10. Fish have these instead of lungs.
11. You do this when something irritates your
trachea or bronchi.
12. Two tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs.
13. Breathe in.
15. One of two places where air enters your body.
18. What we breathe.
Word Search
air
exhale
mouth
trachea
bronchi
gills
nose
water vapor
carbon dioxide
hiccups
oxygen
windpipe
cough
inhale
pharynx
yawn
diaphragm
lungs
sneeze
Quiz
Instruction: Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
air
lungs
carbon dioxide
hiccup
mouth
oxygen
trachea
yawn
diaphragm
sneeze
inhale
respiratory
bronchi
water vapor
blood
exhale
cough
pharynx
nose
All animals need ________________ to make energy from food. We
get this oxygen from the _____________ that we breathe. In order
to get the oxygen into the blood where it can be transported to the
rest of the body, the air travels through a system of organs called the
_______________ system.
When you ________________, air enters the body through the
_______________ or the ____________. From there it passes
through the ______________, which forces air into the
_______________ and food into the esophagus. The air travels down
the trachea into two branching tubes called ________________ and
then on into the ________________.
In the lungs oxygen from the air enters the _______________. At
the same time, the waste gas ____________________ leaves the
blood and then leaves the body when you ___________________.
Some __________________ also leaves the body when you exhale,
which is why mirrors get foggy when you breathe on them. The
______________ is the muscle that controls the lungs.
It is important to keep the respiratory system clear so oxygen can
keep flowing into your body. If something gets in your nose and
irritates it, you ___________________. If something gets in your
trachea or bronchi and irritates it, you _________________. If
something irritates your diaphragm, you _________________. Finally,
if the brain thinks you are not getting enough oxygen, then it forces
you to _________________.
Test #5
Respiratory System
1. The exchange of gases between blood and cells is called
a) pulmonary ventilation.
b) internal respiration.
c) external repiration.
d) cellular respiration.
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting prtion of the
respiratory system?
a) alveoli
b) bronchioles
c) nose
d) pharynx
3. The structure which closes off the larynx is the
a) glottis.
b) Adam's apple.
c) epiglottis.
d) vocal cords.
4. Which of the following describes a correct order of structures in the
respiratory passeways?
a) pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
b) larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchiles, bronchi
c) trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
d) pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
5. The exchange of gases occurs in the
a) trachea.
b) bronchioles.
c) alveoli.
d) bronchus.
6. The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhaltation is the
a) tidal volume.
b) residual volume.
c) inspiratory reserve volume.
d) expiratory reserve volume.
7. The volume of air in a normal breath is called
a) total lung capacity.
b) vital capacity.
c) tidal volume.
d) residual volume.
8. Gas exchange in the lungs happens by the process of
a) osmosis.
b) diffusion.
c) exocytosis.
d) active transport.
9. Most oxygen in the blood is transported
a) as gas dissolved in plasma.
b) as oxyhemoglobin.
c) as carboxyhemoglobin.
d) as bicarbonate.
10. The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of
a) carbon monoxide in the blood.
b) carbon dioxide in the blood.
c) oxygen in the blood.
d) carbonic acid in the blood.
Test #5
Respiratory system
Answers
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. b
10.b
The Digestive System
The human body needs fuel to live. We eat food for fuel. But just getting the
food into the body is only a small part of the process. The food must be broken
down into chemicals that the body can use. This whole process is called digestion.
Some of the organs involved in digestion are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines, gallbladder, pancreas and liver.
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fuel – топливо
digestion – пищеварение
to involve – вовлекать
esophagus – пищевод
pancreas – поджелудочная железа
Mouth and Teeth
The mouth and teeth are the first step in
breaking food down. During the process of
chewing, food is shredded and ground.
Powerful muscles move the mandible, or
lower jaw, while the food is chewed. The
front teeth cut the food and the back teeth
grind the food.
There are three main parts to the tooth: the root, the neck and the crown. The
root is the part inside the jaw. The neck is a narrow connection between the root
and the crown. The crown of the tooth is above the gum.
First teeth come in between 6 and 8 months. By age 6, baby teeth are
gradually replaced by permanent teeth. There are 32 permanent teeth.
When food is being chewed, saliva is squirted into the mouth. Saliva helps to
soften the food. It contains an enzyme that helps break down the starch in the food.
After chewing, the food is swallowed and passes down the esophagus to the
stomach. The esophagus is about ten inches long. The tongue helps push the food
to the back of the mouth, and the muscles in the esophagus move the food down
the tube.
Traveling Food
The stomach is a sac shaped like a "j" and is
about eight inches long. In the stomach, food
is mixed with acids. The muscles in the
stomach move, which helps break down the
food. The stomach is protected from the acid
by a lining. From the stomach, the food pulp
is sent to the small intestine. Food leaves the
stomach a little bit at a time.
The small intestine is the final place for
digestion. Measuring about twenty feet in length, the small intestine is one inch in
diameter. Digestive juices released in the small intestine finish breaking down the
food.
The food is moved along the small intestine in a squeezing motion known as
peristalsis. This motion is much the same as squeezing a tube of toothpaste. All of
this movement causes the noise when we say our stomach is "growling."
Lining the small intestine are millions of fingers called villi. These absorb the
chemicals that we need from the food into the body. It is at this point the food is
actually in the body.
Waste products and food that are not absorbed in the small intestine pass into the
large intestine. This waste material is called feces. The large intestine is only five
feet long but is larger in diameter than the small intestine. The large intestine
includes the colon.
In the large intestine, feces are formed from water, undigested food and bacteria.
Water is absorbed back into the body so the waste material becomes more solid as
it travels through the colon. It may take as long as twenty hours for food to pass
completely through the large intestine.
Gall Bladder Pancreas and Liver
The pancreas is an elongated gland that is below the stomach. It produces
pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. The pancreas also secrets insulin
into the blood. Insulin is needed to allow glucose or sugar from food to get into the
bloodstream. People who cannot produce insulin are diabetics.
The largest gland in the body is the liver. It is on the right side of the body
underneath the ribs. It weighs about three pounds and is eight inches long. The
liver stores a form of glucose called glycogen. Vitamin A is manufactured in the
liver. Bile which is needed to breakdown fat, is made in the liver. This organ is
also where alcohol, drugs, bacteria and old blood cells are broken down and
removed from the body. Damage to the liver can be serious because this organ is
extremely necessary to life.
The gallbladder is a small sac on the underside of the right lobe of the liver. It
stores bile that is made by the liver. Bile travels from the liver through the hepatic
ducts to the gallbladder. It holds about two ounces of bile. Bile is needed to
breakdown the fat that is in food.
Vocabulary
mandible – нижняя челюсть
to grind – молоть
root – корень
crown – корона
jaw – челюсть
narrow – узкий
gum – десна
gradually – постепенно
permanent teeth – постоянные
зубы
10.saliva – слюна
11.to squirt – бить струей
12.starch – крахмал
13.to swallow – глотать
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
14.sac – мешок
15.acid – кислота
16.lining – внутренне покрытие
17.squeezing – сжатие
18.peristalsis –перистальтика
19.growling – рычание
20.villi – ворсинки
21.absorb – всасывать
22.feces – фекалии
23.colon – толстая кишка
24.elongated – удлиненный
25.to store – запасать
26.lobe – доля
27.bile – желч
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the structure of digestive system?
How many permanent teeth has an adult person?
What is the function of stomach, liver?
What is the largest gland of the body?
Where is liver situated?
Crossword
1
2
3
6
8
4
5
7
9
10
11
12
14
13
15
Across
Down
2. A long folded tube inside the body attached to
the stomach where nutrients in the food are
absorbed.
1. After being swallowed, food goes to this place
where it is mixed with acid.
6. A part of your throat that acts like a gateway
sending air into the lungs and food down into the
stomach.
3. The tube after the small intestine where liquid is
absorbed.
4. These are used to chew food.
5. The good things in food.
7. The place where waste is stored before it leaves
9. A slippery liquid that makes food easy to swallow
the body.
and helps to break the food down.
8. The part of the food that is not digested.
10. The process of breaking down food for use as
11. The tube that connects the stomach to the
energy and building materials for your body.
mouth.
13. This produces juices (called bile) that go into the
12. A verb that means to push food through your
small intestine and help digest the food.
pharynx.
14. Crush food with your teeth.
15. Muscle in your mouth that is used for pushing
food around.
Word Reaserch
absorb
excrete
nutrients
small intestine
appendix
filter
pancreas
stomach
chew
large intestine
pharynx
swallow
digest
liver
rectum
teeth
esophagus
mouth
saliva
tongue
Quiz
Instruction: Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
stomach
rectum
waste
system
acid
chewed
liver
saliva
swallow
absorbed
food
mouth
large intestine
tongue
liquids
energy
small intestine
digestion
pharynx
esophagus
All animals need to eat ______________ to get ____________ to
live. But in order to use this food, they have to break it down in a
process called __________________. And so, all animals have a group
of connected organs called the digestive __________________.
In humans, the process of digestion begins in the _____________
where food is ________________ into small pieces by the teeth. The
_______________ helps by moving these pieces around. These pieces
are covered by ________________, or spit. The saliva makes the
food slippery so that it is easier to _______________. It also helps
to break down the food.
Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the _______________,
which is like a gate that sends food into the ______________ and air
into the lungs. The food travels down the esophagus and into the
______________. Once in the stomach the food is mixed with
_____________ and crushed some more.
After spending some time in the stomach, the food is sent into the
________________________ where nutrients are
______________. The _____________ helps by producing some
digestive juices called bile. Next, the remaining food goes into the
_________________________ where the _______________ are
absorbed. The remaining food is called _________________ and it is
pushed into the ________________ where it waits before leaving the
body.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes the
body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to
help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that produces red blood
cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system cells, is found inside
bones.
The Spine
The spine is the central support for the body. Another word for the spine is the
backbone. The spine is made of separate irregular bones called vertebrae. The
vertebrae are made up of spongy or cancellate bone surrounded by a layer of
compact bone. In between each vertebrae is a layer of cartilage that keeps the
bones from rubbing against each other.
There are twenty six vertebrae in the spine. Although each vertebrae can only
move a little bit, the total spine is very flexible. The spine of a human being is
curved. Most other mammals have a straight spine. The curves allow the spine to
support and balance the body on only two legs.
The Ribs
The breastbone, or the sternum, is linked to the bones which make up the
ribs. The sternum is a flat bone that is about 6 inches long. The ribs curve around
from the spine to the front of the body. This makes a bony framework which is
known as the thoracic case. This case helps protect your chest.
Most people have 12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are connected to the sternum by
cartilage. This makes the ribs more flexible, which is necessary during breathing.
The first seven pairs of ribs are attached directly to the breastbone. The eighth,
ninth and tenth pairs are attached to the sternum by a cartrilage band. The last two
pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum or cartilage. The last five pairs of ribs
are called false ribs.
Hands & Feet
The bones of the hands and feet are flexible. The foot has twenty-six bones,
one less than in the hand. The bones in the toes are shorter and fatter than the
bones in the fingers. This helps us to balance on two feet.
The seven bones in the ankle are called tarsal bones. The main part of the foot
is made of metatarsal bones. Phalanges are the bones in the toes. The arch in the
foot helps to support the body's weight.
Each hand has twenty-seven separate bones. These are connected with
muscles and tendons. Hand bones are also called the metacarpus. Just like the foot,
the bones in the fingers are called phalanges.
The fingers have three phalanges and the thumb has two. These joints allow
the finger to flex. Because of this, the human hand can make more precise and
finer movements than other creatures.
Hips & Legs
The hip bones help us stand upright and move. They support much of the
body's weight. Each hip is made up of three bones. These bones are called the
ilium, ischium, and pubis. When you are born, these three bones are separated. As
you get older, they begin to join together.
The main bones of the legs are the femur, tibia and fibula. Another name for
the femur is the thigh bone. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee This
is the longest bone in the body.
The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. As it helps to support the
body's weight, the tibia is the strongest bone in the body. The thinner bone is the
fibula and helps to control the movement of the ankle. Another name for the fibula
is the shin bone.
The bone that is at the middle of the leg is the patella, or knee cap.
Arm
Just like the bones in the hand, the arms bones are also very flexible. The arm
is made up of three bones. These are the ulna, radius, and humerus. In the humerus,
there is a deep groove near the top that holds the biceps in place.
The lower bones are connected with the humerus at the elbow and with the
carpal bones at the wrist. As the arm turns, so do the bones in the lower arm. There
is a membrane between the two bones. The elbow allows the arm to bend and
straighten.
At the shoulder are two bones that form the shoulder joint. These are the
clavical (collar bone) and the scapul (shoulder blade). This is a ball and socket
joint. This joint allows the arm to move in circles.
Crossword
1
2
3
4
Find the skeletal
system words
below in the grid to
the left.
5
6
7
8
10
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Across
Down
4. The place where two bones meet.
1. Something that joins muscles to bone.
5. The triangle shaped bone in your upper back.
2. One of the bones in your spine.
8. The bone that holds your lower teeth.
3. Something that joins bone to bone.
10. The substance inside a bone that makes blood
cells.
6. One of the lower leg bones.
13. The bone that protects your brains.
15. The bone in your shoulders.
16. One of the lower leg bones.
17. Your backbone.
18. The upper arm bone a.k.a. your funny bone.
7. The largest bone in the human body.
9. The bone in the center of the chest between the
ribs.
11. The collection of bones that protect your
lungs.
12. One of the forearm bones.
14. One of the forearm bones.
Word Research
breastbone
hipbone
marrow
spine
calcium
humerus
radius
tendon
cartilage
jawbone
ribcage
tibia
collarbone
joint
shoulder blade
ulna
femur
ligament
skull
vertebrae
fibula
Quiz
Instruction: Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.
protect
blood
shape
bones
skeleton
ribcage
tendon
minerals
skeletal
cranium
ligaments
jellyfish
marrow
move
There are around 206 ________________ in the adult human body.
These bones plus the connecting tissue make up the
_______________ system.
The skeletal system is very important for many reasons. Some bones
help _____________ our organs. The _____________, for example,
protects our brains and the ________________ protects our lungs.
The skeletal system also gives us our _______________. Without a
______________, we would be shapeless blobs like a
______________ or an earthworm. Our bones, which are connected
by ______________, provide a frame for the rest of the organs,
giving us our unique body shape.
The skeletal system also helps us ______________. Muscles, which
are attached to bones by _______________, cause the bones to
move, which makes our bodies move.
Bones also help your body store ________________ such as calcium.
If there is too much calcium in the blood, some of it becomes bone. If
there is not enough calcium, then the bones gives some to the blood.
Finally, another important function of bones is to produce
________________. Inside bones there is a soft substance called
________________, which is used to make blood cells.
Muscular System
The muscular system is made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system
to control movement of the body. Some muscles—like the ones in your arms and
legs—are voluntary, meaning that you decide when to move them. Other muscles,
like the ones in your stomach, heart, intestines and other organs, are involuntary.
This means that they are controlled automatically by the nervous system and
hormones—you often don't even realize they're at work.
The body is made up of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth and
cardiac. Each of these has the ability to contract and expand, which allows the
body to move and function. .
Skeletal muscles help the body move.
Smooth muscles, which are involuntary, are located inside organs, such as the
stomach and intestines.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its motion is involuntary
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles move and support the skeleton. They make up fifty percent of
your body weight. There are 640 individually named skeletal muscles. A skeletal
muscle links two bones across its connecting joint. When these muscles contract or
shorten, your bone moves. Muscles are arranged in layers over the bones. Those
nearest to the skin are called superficial muscles. Those closest to the inside of the
body are called deep muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles. These are
muscles that we can consciously control.
A muscle's name usually describes its shape, location or job. Some skeletal
muscles are:
frontalis (forehead)
deltoid (moves shoulder and upper arm)
biceps (bends arm)
rectus abdominis (stomach)
sartorius (bends and turns leg)
Smooth Muscles
Smooth muscles are found in the hollow parts of the body. This would be in places
like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels and the bladder. Smooth muscles are
arranged in layers with the fibers in each layer running in a different direction. This
makes the muscle contract in all directions.
A smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle. This means that you cannot
consciously control this muscle. These muscles are under the control of autonomic
nervous system. This system controls many systems without us being aware of
them.
Cardiac Muscles
Cardiac muscles cells are striped, like skeletal muscle cells. Cardiac muscles
contract automatically to squeeze the walls of the heart inward. The heart beats
nonstop about 100,000 times each day. It can do this because of the cardiac
muscles.
Final Test
Human Body
1. What is the body temperature of a normal man?
a) 81.1oC
b) 36.9oC
c) 98.6oC
d) 21.7oC
2. Total volume of blood in a normal adult human being is
a) 5-6 liters
b) 3-4 liters
c) 8-10 liters
d) 10-12 liters
3. Red blood corpuscles are formed in the
a) Liver
b) Bone marrow
c) Kidneys
d) Heart
4. How many bones are there in an adult human being?
a) 210
b) 260
c) 206
d) 300
5. The pancreas secretes
a) Insulin
b) Bile juice
c) Peptic juice
d) None of these
6. Tibia is a bone found in the
a) Skull
b) Arm
c) Leg
d) Face
7. The largest part of the human brain is the
a) Medulla oblongata
b) Cerebellum
c) Cerebrum
d) None of these
8. What is the main component of bones and teeth?
a) Calcium carbonate
b) Calcium phosphate
c) Calcium sulphate
d) Calcium nitrate
9. The main constituent of hemoglobin is
a) Chlorine
b) Iron
c) Calcium
d) None of these
10. The main function of the kidney is
a) To control blood pressure
b) To control body temperature
c) To remove waste product from the body
d) To help in digestion of food
11. The function of hemoglobin is
a) Transportation of oxygen
b) Destruction of bacteria
c) Prevention of anemia
d) Utilization of energy
12. Which is the largest gland in the human body?
a) Thyroid
b) Liver
c) Pancreas
d) None of these
13. Which is the largest organ in the human body?
a) Liver
b) Heart
c) Skin
d) Kidney
14. A person of which of the following blood groups is called a universal
donor?
a) O
b) AB
c) A
d) B
15. Which gland in the human body is called the master gland?
a) Pancreas
b) Thyroid
c) Pituitary
d) Spleen
16. How many bones are there in a newly born infant?
a) 206
b) 230
c) 280
d) 300
17. Which of the following vitamins promote healthy functioning of eyes in
human beings?
a) Vitamin B
b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin A
d) Vitamin D
18. The average heartbeat per minute in a normal man is
a) 50
b) 70
c) 80
d) 100
19. A person with which of the following blood groups can receive blood of
any group?
a) A
b) AB
c) B
d) O
20. Appendix is appendix is a part of
a) Small intestine
b) Large intestine
c) Stomach
d) Liver
21. Dialysis is used for the treatment of
a) Kidney failure
b) Heart weakness
c) Brain diseases
d) None of these
22. Lungs are situated in the
a) Abdominal cavity
b) Pericardial cavity
c) Buccal cavity
d) Thoracic cavity
23. The human cell contains
a) 44 chromosomes
b) 48 chromosomes
c) 46 chromosomes
d) 23 chromosomes
24. Food is normally digested in the
a) Liver
b) Stomach
c) Small intestines
d) Large intestines
Answers
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. a
6. c
7. c
8. b
9. b
10.c
11.a
12.b
13.c
14.a
15.c
16.d
17.c
18.b
19.b
20.b
21.a
22.d
23.c
24.c
TEST
The Human Body
Variant 1
1. Give the determination of the human body.
2. Translate the system from Russian into English
and write main organs which complain it.
a. сердечнососудистая система,
b. нервная система.
3. Read the following sentences and give correct
answers.
 These are inside your chest. You need
them to breathe.
 You have five of these on the end of your
foot.
 This is between your head and your
shoulders.
 This is inside your chest. It moves blood
around your body.
4. Describe the structure of the upper limbs.
5. Point out the following parts of the human body.
а
b
c
d
e
f
GOOD LUCK!!!
g
h
TEST
The Human Body
Variant 2
1. Give the determination of the human body.
2. Translate the system from Russian into English
and write main organs which complain it.
a. дыхательная система,
b. пищеварительная система.
3. Read the following sentences and give correct
answers.
 This is in the middle of your leg. Your leg
bends here.
 This is inside your head. It controls your
body.
 You have five of these on the end of your
hand.
 You have two eyes, two ears a nose and
this (for eating and speaking!)
4. Name all main organs of abdominal cavity.
5. Point out the following parts of the human body.
а
b
c
d
e
f
GOOD LUCK!!!
g
h
THE GLOSSARY
A
acids - substance that helps in the breakdown of food for the digestive process
alveoila - tiny, thin-walled sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place
B
biceps - large muscle in the front of the upper arm that flexes the forearm
bile- a fluid that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; used in the
digestion and absorption of fat
bladder- stretchy bag with muscular wall that collects and stores urine
bone marrow-soft jellylike substance in the center of a bone that produces blood
cells for the body
bronchi- main branch of the trachea (windpipe) that leads directly to the lungs
C
cartilage- tough, elastic tissue that is found in various parts of the body, such as the
joints, outer ear, and nose
capillaries-tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins; where the exchange
of carbon dioxide and oxygen take place
carbon dioxide- gas formed formed during respiration; given off from the lungs
cardiac -of or pertaining to the heart
carpal -of or pertaining to the wrist
condense-the process where the water vapor from your breath meets cold and turns
into tiny droplets of liquid which looks like white puff of steam
corneas- transparent outer coat of the eyeball
D
digestion- process by which food is changed into substances that can be absorbed
and used by the body
diaphragm-muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities;helps in
breathing
E
enzyme-chemical that helps to break down and digest food
esophagus- muscular tube for the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach
exhale-the breathing out and discharge of stale air, also allowing you the ability to
talk
H
hepatic-relating to the liver
humerus- long bone of the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
I
inhale-filling the lungs with fresh,oxygen-rich air
K
kidney- organ used tomaintain water and electrolyte balance along with filtering
the blood of waste products
L
liter- metric unit of volume equal to approximately 1.056 liqud quarts
larynx- part of the respiratory tract in the throat area that contains the vocal cords
lungs-spongy, saclike respiratory organs in the chest cavity that together with the
heart work to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen
M
mandible-lower bone in the jaw
metatarsus- middle part of the human foot that includes the five bones between the
toes and the ankle
membrane- thin, pliable layer of tissue that covers surfaces or seperates or connects
other body parts
metacarpus- part of hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the
wrist
N
nasal cavity-the air passage behind the nose from which moisture is added to the
air you breathe during the breathing process
nephrons- filtering units of the kidney that remove waste matter from the blood
O
organ-a part of an organism that performs a specific function.
oxygen-an element essential for plant and animal respiration; essential to life
P
pancreas-long, irregularly shaped gland that produces enzymes and hormones that
aid in digestion
pancreatic juice-clear, alkaline secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes that
aid in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
peristalsis-wavelike muscular contractions that help to move food down the
digestive system
pharynx-section that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx
phalange-bone between the finger and toe joints
process-A series of actions, changes, or functions bringing about a result
R
radius- the shorter of the two lower arm bones on the inside of the arm
respiration- process by which the body's cells use oxygen in order to break down
nutrients and supply the body with energy
rib cage- enclosing structure formed by the ribs and the bones to which they are
attached, that forms a cage to protect the heart and lungs
ribs-one of a series of long, curved bones that form a bony cage to protect the heart
and lungs
S
saliva-watery mixture of secretions from the salivary glands that lubricates the
mouth and starts to digest food
starch- naturally abundant nutrient found chiefly in seeds, fruits, roots, notably in
corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice
T
tarsal- one of the seven bones in the ankle
tendons- band of tough fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
thoracic
trachea- tube that joins the bronchi to the lungs
U
ulna- bone extending from the elbow to the wrist on the side opposite to the thumb
ureter- long, narrow duct that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder
V
vertebrae-any of the bones forming the spinal column
villi-tiny projections in the intestines from which digested food is absorbed into the
blood
Использованная литература
1. Аванесьянц Э.М., Кахацкая Н.В., Мифтахова Т.М. Английский язык
для старших курсов мдицинских училищ и колледжей – М.: «АНМИ»,
1999.
2. Козырева Л.Г. Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и уилищ.
Учебное пособие/ Л.Г. Козырева, Т.В. Шадская. – Изд. 4-е. Ростов н/Д:
Феникс, 2005. – 320с.
3. Беликова Е. Английский язык для медиков. Конспект лекций
Е.Беликова. М.: Эксмо, 2007. -192с.
4. Англо-русский
медициский
словарь.
Составители
М.П.
Мультановский, А.Я. Иванова. Издательство «Медицина», Москва,
1969.
Интернет-ресурсы
1. http://library.thinkquest.org
2. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody
3. http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
4. http://training.seer.cancer.gov
5. http://www.kidskonnect.com/subject-index/31-health/337-human-body.html
6. http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/health_games_body_parts.html
7. http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/humanbody.html
8. http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/jmresources/systems/body.html
9. http://www.human-body-facts.com/index.html
10.http://www.teachervision.fen.com
11.http://www.britishcouncil.org/new/
12.http://www.britannica.com
13.http://www.medicalstudent.com