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Chapter 1 Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts Rick Graziani Cabrillo College [email protected] Spring 2010 This Presentation For detailed information see the notes section within this PowerPoint. This presentation is based on the Exploration course/book, Routing Protocols and Concepts. Notes section may contain additional details For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a username and password. Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani 2 Note This chapter contains mostly introductory material. Most of not all of this information will be explained in more detail in later chapters or later courses. The bootup process and the IOS are examined in a later course. Do not worry or focus too much on the details for now. This will all be examined and explained in the following chapters. 3 For further information This presentation is an overview of what is covered in the curriculum/book. For further explanation and details, please read the chapter/curriculum. Book: Routing Protocols and Concepts By Rick Graziani and Allan Johnson ISBN: 1-58713-206-0 ISBN-13: 978-58713206-3 4 Topics Inside the Router Routers are computers Router CPU and Memory Internetwork Operating System Router Bootup Process Router Ports and Interfaces Routers and the Network Layer Path Determination and Switching Function Packet Fields and Frame Formats Best Path and Metrics Equal Cost Load Balancing Path Determination Switching Function CLI Configuration and Addressing Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes Basic Router Configuration Building the Routing Table Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles 5 Inside the Router Routers are computers Router CPU and Memory Internetwork Operating System Router Bootup Process Router Ports and Interfaces Routers and the Network Layer Routers are Computers Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP. A router is a computer: The first router (ARPANET): IMP (Interface Message Processor) Honeywell 516 minicomputer August 30, 1969. 7 Router physical characteristics 8 Routers forwarding packets (packet switching): From the original source to the final destination. Selects best path A router connects multiple networks: Interfaces on different IP networks 9 Router interfaces: LAN WAN 10 Routers Determine the Best Path The router’s primary responsibility: Determining the best path Forwarding packets toward their destination 11 Routers Determine the Best Path IP Packet enters router’s Ethernet interface. Router examines the packet’s destination IP address. Router searches for a best match between packet’s destination IP address and network address in routing table. Using the exit-interface in the route, the packet is forwarded to the next router or the final destination. Routing table Determines best path. Best match between destination IP address and network address in routing table 12 Router CPU and Memory CPU - Executes operating system instructions Random access memory (RAM) running copy of configuration file routing table ARP cache Read-only memory (ROM) Diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Router’s bootstrap program Scaled down version of operating system IOS Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) Stores startup configuration. (including IP addresses, Routing protocol) Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS) Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network. Examples of interface types: Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces Serial interfaces Management interfaces 13 Cisco IOS - Internetwork Operating System Many different IOS images. An IOS image is a file that contains the entire IOS for that router. IOS features Example IPv6 or a routing protocol such as Intermediate System–to–Intermediate System (IS-IS). 14 Router Bootup Process (more in later course) 15 Bootup Process running-config IOS (running) startup-config IOS Bootup program ios (partial) 16 Where is the permanent configuration file stored used during boot-up? NVRAM (B) Where is the diagnostics software stored executed by hardware modules? ROM (D) Where is the backup (partial) copy of the IOS stored? ROM (D) Where is IOS permanently stored before it is copied into RAM? FLASH (C) Where are all changes to the configuration immediately stored? RAM (A) A running-config IOS (running) B startup-config C IOS D Bootup program ios (partial) 17 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? running-config IOS (running) startup-config IOS Bootup program ios (partial) 18 startup-config IOS C A running-config IOS (running) B running-config ios (partial) B startup-config A D C IOS Bootup program IOS (running) D A D Bootup program ios (partial) 19 Router Boot Process – Details (later) 1. ROM 1. POST 2. Bootstrap code executed 3. Check Configuration Register value (NVRAM) 0 = ROM Monitor mode 1 = ROM IOS 2 - 15 = startup-config in NVRAM 2. Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM) If boot system commands in startup-config a. Run boot system commands in order they appear in startup-config to locate the IOS b If boot system commands fail, use default fallback sequence to locate the IOS (Flash, TFTP, ROM) 3. Locate and load IOS, Default fallback sequence: No IOS boot system commands in startup-config a. Flash (sequential) b. TFTP server (netboot) - The router uses the configuration register value to form a filename from which to boot a default system image stored on a network server. c. ROM (partial IOS) or keep retrying TFTP depending upon router model - If no IOS located, get partial IOS version from ROM 4. Locate and load startup-config configuration a. If startup-config found, copy to running-config b. If startup-config not found, prompt for setup-mode c. If setup-mode bypassed, create a “skeleton” default running-config (no startup-config) 20 Verify the router boot-up process show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process (later). 21 Ports and Interfaces Port - management ports used for administrative access Interface - capable of sending and receiving user traffic. Note: However, these terms are often used interchangeably. 22 Management Ports Console port Terminal PC running terminal emulator software No need for network access Used for initial configuration Auxiliary (AUX) port Not all routers have auxiliary ports. At times, can be used similarly to a console port Can also be used to attach a modem. Note: Auxiliary ports will not be used in this curriculum. 23 Router Interfaces Interfaces - Receive and forward packets. Various types of networks Different types of media and connectors. Different types of interfaces. Fast Ethernet interfaces - LANs Serial interfaces - WAN connections including T1, DSL, and ISDN 24 Router Interfaces FastEthernet 0/0 MAC: 0c00-41cc-ae12 10.1.0.1/16 FastEthernet 0/0 MAC: 0c00-3a44-190a 192.168.1.1/24 Serial 0/0 172.16.1.1/24 Serial 0/1 172.16.1.2/24 Router Interface: Different network IP address and subnet mask of that network Cisco IOS will not allow two active interfaces on the same router to belong to the same network. 25 LAN Interfaces Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces Connects the router to the LAN Layer 2 MAC address Participates in the Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Maintains ARP cache for that interface Sends ARP requests when needed Responds with ARP replies when required Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP). Router to switch: straight-through cable Router to router: crossover cable 26 WAN Interfaces Point-to-Point, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces Connects routers to external networks. The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including: PPP Frame Relay HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control). Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN interfaces. Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses are covered in a later course. 27 Routers at the Network Layer Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet (destination IP address). This is known as routing. 28 Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3 29 Path Determination and Switching Functions Ethernet Frame IPv4 (Internet Protocol) Layer 2 addresses: Addressing PC/Router-to-PC/Router within a network Layer 3 addresses: Original source layer 3 address (IP) to final destination layer 3 address (IP) Does not change (unless NAT is used) 31 Best Path Which is path is my “best path”? RIP’s metric is hop count OSPF’s metric is bandwidth ? Router’s determine best-path to a network: Depends on the routing protocol A protocol used to between routers to determine “best path” Routing protocols use their own rules and metrics. A metric: Quantitative value used to measure the distance to a given route. Best path: Path with the lowest metric. 32 To reach the 192.168.1.0/24 network it is 2 hops via R2 and 2 hops via R4. Equal Cost Load Balancing ? ? 192.168.1.0/24 What happens if a routing table has two or more paths with the same metric to the same destination network? (equal-cost metric) Router will perform equal-cost load balancing. 33 Equal-Cost Paths Versus UnequalCost Paths ? T1 ? T3 192.168.1.0/24 Can a router use multiple paths if the paths (cost, metric) to reach the destination network are not equal? EIGRP routing protocol which supports unequal cost load balancing 34 Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding involves two functions: 1. Path determination function 2. Switching function 35 Path Determination Router receives packet. Destination IP address matches a network on one of its directly connected networks. Packet is forwarded out that network. Directly connected network Path determination function is the process of how the router determines which path to use when forwarding a packet. Router searches its routing table for match with packet’s destination IP address. One of three path determinations results from this search: Directly connected network Remote network No route determined 36 Path Determination Router receives packet. Destination IP address matches a remote network which can only be reached via another router. Packet is forwarded out that network to the next-hop router. Remote network 37 Path Determination Router receives packet. Destination IP address does NOT match any network in the router’s routing table. Packet is dropped. No route determined Does this mean the network does not exist? No, only that the router does not know about that network. (later) 38 Packet Forwarding: Switching Function Switching function is the process used by a router to: Accept a packet on one interface and Forward it out another interface Encapsulate the packet in the appropriate data-link frame type for the outgoing data link. 39 192.168.4.10 Path Forwarding 192.168.1.10 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. MAC 0B-31 00-10 Source MAC 00-20 0A-10 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer What does a router do with a packet received from one network and destined for another network? 1. Decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by removing the Layer 2 frame header and trailer 2. Examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path in the routing table 3. Encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into a new Layer 2 frame and forwards the frame out the exit interface 40 Remember: Encapsulation These addresses do not change! Layer 3 IP Packet These change from host to router, router to router, and router to host. Destination IP Address Source IP Address Other IP fields Data Layer 2 Data Link Frame Destination Address Next hop Data Link Address of Host or Router’s interface Source Address Type Data Trailer Current Data Link Address of Host or Router’s exit interface Now, let’s do an example… 41 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. Dest.Add MAC MAC 0B-31 FF-FF 00-10 Source Add MAC 0A-10 00-20 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer This is just a summary. The details will be shown next! Now for the details… 42 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. MAC 00-10 Source MAC 0A-10 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer 43 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. MAC 0B-31 00-10 Source Source MAC MAC 00-20 0A-10 Layer 3 IP Packet Type Type 800 800 RTA ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 192.168.2.2 0B-31 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 Network 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.4.0/24 IP fields Data Trailer Trailer RTA Routing Table Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 0 Dir.Conn. e0 0 Dir.Conn e1 1 192.168.2.2 e1 2 192.168.2.2 e1 44 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. Add MAC FF-FF 0B-31 Source Add MAC 00-20 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 Network 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.4.0/24 IP fields Data Trailer RTB Routing Table Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 1 192.168.2.1 e0 0 Dir.Conn e0 0 Dir.Conn s0 1 192.168.3.2 s0 45 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. Dest.Add MAC FF-FF 0B-20 Source SourceAdd MAC 0C-22 Layer 3 IP Packet Type Type 800 800 RTC ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 192.168.4.10 0B-20 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer RTC Routing Table Network Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 192.168.1.0/24 2 192.168.3.1 s0 192.168.2.0/24 1 192.168.3.1 s0 192.168.3.0/24 0 Dir.Conn s0 192.168.4.0/24 0 Dir.Conn e0 46 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. MAC 0B-20 Source MAC 0C-22 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer 47 Layer 2 Data Link Frame Dest. Dest.Add MAC MAC 0B-31 FF-FF 00-10 Source Add MAC 0A-10 00-20 Layer 3 IP Packet Type 800 Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer The summary once again! 48 CLI Configuration and Addressing Before we begin: Download: Packet Tracer File: http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curricul um/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-52.pkt Download and Install Packet Tracer you have not done so already: http://www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani/ courses/cis81.html Download Lab: http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curricul um/graziani/cis82/labse2/en_ERouting_ILM_v4050.pdf 49 Hands-on Labs Networking Lab: Room 2504 and CTC Check-out Pods NetLab Packet Tracer (Not for homework) 50 Establishing a HyperTerminal session (next week) Router Console port Rollover cable Terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software Com1 or Com2 serial port Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router: Connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter. Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control. 51 Establishing a Terminal session Tera Term HyperTerminal (comes with Windows) Putty = Important: A console connection is not the same as a network connection! 52 When do you need to use a console connection to the router? When there is not a network connection to the router (can’t use telnet). What software do you need? Tera Term, HyperTerminal, Putty, etc. What cable and ports do you use? PC: Serial port & Router: Console Port Rollover or Console Cable Terminal Connection No network connection needed Console Port Serial 53 C:\> ping C:\> telnet Ethernet Connection Network connection needed NIC When can you use a network connection to the router? When there is a network connection to the What What router (telnet). software/command do you need? TCP/IP, Terminal prompt (DOS), Tera Term, etc. cable and ports do you use? PC & Router: Ethernet NIC Ethernet straight-through cable When should you not use a network connection to configure the router? When the change may disconnect the telnet connection. 54 C:\> ping C:\> telnet Ethernet Connection Network connection needed NIC Terminal Connection No network connection needed Console Port Serial 55 Serial Connectors Smart Serial “Older” Serial 2500 have the “older,” larger serial interfaces Later Cisco routers use the smart serial interfaces which allows more data to be forwarded across fewer cable pins. 56 Serial Cables DCE Cable DTE Cable Router is typically a DTE device. The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE). DCE Side DTE Side 57 WAN Interface Configuration R1(config)# interface Serial0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description Link to R2 R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 DCE Only R1(config-if)# no shutdown 58 Let’s do Lab 1.5.2 using Packet Tracer Download: Packet Tracer File: http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkt Download Lab: http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/E2_Lab_1_5_2_cabrillo.doc 59 Your Interfaces may differ R1# show ip interface brief Interface FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1 Serial0/0 Serial0/1 IP-Address OK? 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.2.1 unassigned Method Status Protocol YES YES YES YES manual manual manual manual up up up up up up up up FastEthernet 0 = FastEthernet 0/0 FastEthernet 1 = FastEthernet 0/1 = FastEthernet 1/0 Serial 0 = Serial 0/0 = Serial 0/0/0 Serial 1 = Serial 0/1 = Serial 0/0/1 60 Command Overview (partial list from lab) Router> Router> enable Router# Router# configure terminal Router(config)# exit Router# config t user mode privilege mode Router(config)# hostname name Router(config)# enable secret password Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# password password Router(config-line)# login Router(config)# line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)# password password Router(config-line)# login privilege password console password Router(config)# banner motd # message # banner Router(config)# interface type number Router(config-if)# ip address address mask Router(config-if)# description description Router(config-if)# no shutdown configure interface telnet password 61 Other Commands Router# copy running-config startup-config Router# Router# Router# Router# show show show show running-config ip route ip interface brief interfaces 62 Different Modes Router# hostname R1 ^ % Invalid input detected at '^' marker. Router# configure terminal Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)# IOS commands must be entered in the correct mode. 63 Serial Connectors Smart Serial “Older” Serial 2500 have the “older,” larger serial interfaces Later Cisco routers use the smart serial interfaces which allows more data to be forwarded across fewer cable pins. 64 Serial Connectors DCE Cable DTE Cable Router is typically a DTE device. The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE). 65 WAN Interface Configuration R1(config)# interface Serial0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description Link to R2 R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 DCE Only R1(config-if)# no shutdown 66 Unsolicited Messages from IOS R1(config)# interface fastethernet0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# descri *Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upption R1(config-if)# The IOS often sends unsolicited messages Does not affect the command Can cause you to lose your place when typing. 67 Unsolicited Messages from IOS R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-line)# logging synchronous R1(config-if)# descri *Mar 1 01:28:04.242: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 01:28:05.243: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up R1(config-if)# description To keep the unsolicited output separate from your input, enter line configuration mode for the console port and add the logging synchronous 68 LAN Interface Configuration R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description R1 LAN R1(config-if)# no shutdown Fa0/1 69 Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)# no shutdown 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1: incorrect IP address assignment 192.168.1.1/24 Fa0/1 192.168.1.2/24 Same Network! 70 Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network R1# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address FastEthernet0/0 192.168.1.1 Serial0/0 192.168.2.1 FastEthernet0/1 192.168.1.2 OK? YES YES YES Serial0/1 YES unassigned Method manual manual manual Status Protocol up up up up administratively down down unset administratively down down Fa0/1 71 Verifying Interfaces R1# show interfaces <some interfaces not shown> FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Lance, address is 0007.eca7.1511 (bia 00e0.f7e4.e47e) Description: R1 LAN Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00, Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never Last clearing of “show interface” counters never Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue :0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles <output omitted> Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is HD64570 Description: Link to R2 Internet address is 192.168.2.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input never, output never, output hang never <output omitted> 72 Verify Router Configuration R1# show running-config ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0 description Link to R2 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 clock rate 64000 ! banner motd ^C ****************************************** WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!! ****************************************** ^C ! line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end Note: shutdown is the default. no shutdown does not show in the configuration. 73 Save Configuration R1# copy running-config startup-config R1# show startup-config Using 728 bytes ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0 description Link to R2 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 clock rate 64000 ! banner motd ^C ****************************************** WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!! ****************************************** ^C line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end 74 Building the Routing Table Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Show Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 76 Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 Routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route information about: Directly connected networks Remote networks 77 Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 Exit Interfaces Directly connected interfaces contain the exit interface (more later) 78 Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 Directly Connected Networks directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of the router interfaces. When a router’s interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network. Active directly connected networks are added to the routing table. 79 Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 Remote Network A remote network is a network that is not directly connected to the router. A remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending the packet to another router. Remote networks are added to the routing table using: (later) Dynamic routing protocol Static routes 80 Using NetLab 81 NetLab Basic Router Pod 82 Chapter 1 Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts Rick Graziani Cabrillo College [email protected]