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Chapter 1:
Analyzing The Cisco
Enterprise Campus
Architecture
CCNP SWITCH: Implementing IP Switching
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Chapter 1 Objectives
 Describe common campus design options and how design
choices affect implementation and support of a campus
LAN.
 Describe the access, distribution, and core layers.
 Describe small, medium, and large campus network
designs.
 Describe the prepare, plan, design, implement, operate,
optimize (PPDIOO) methodology.
 Describe the network lifecycle approach to campus design.
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Introduction to
Enterprise
Campus
Network Design
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Enterprise Network
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Core (Backbone)
Campus
Data Center
Branch
WAN
Internet Edge
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Regulatory Standards (U.S.)
 There may be several legal regulations that have an impact
on a network’s design.
 US regulations on networks include:
• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act
• “Records to Be Preserved by Certain Exchange Members, Brokers
and Dealers”: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 17a4
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Campus Designs
 Modular - easily supports growth and change. Scaling the
network is eased by adding new modules in lieu of
complete redesigns.
 Resilient - proper high-availability (HA) characteristics
result in near-100% uptime.
 Flexible - change in business is a guarantee for any
enterprise. These changes drive campus network
requirements to adapt quickly.
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Multilayer Switches in Campus Networks
 Hardware-based routing using
Application-Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs)
 RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP are
supported
 Layer 3 switching speeds
approximate that of Layer 2
switches
 Layer 4 and Layer 7 switching
supported on some switches
 Future: Pure Layer 3
environment leveraging
inexpensive L3 access layer
switches
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Cisco Switches
 Catalyst 6500 Family – used in campus, data center, and
core as well as WAN and branch
• Up to 13 slots and 16 10-Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
• Redundant power supplies, fans, and supervisor engines
• Runs Cisco IOS
 Catalyst 4500 Family – used in distribution layer and in
collapsed core environments
• Up to 10 slots and several 10-Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
• Runs Cisco IOS
 Catalyst 3560 and 3750 Families – used in fixed-port
scenarios at the access and distribution layers
 Nexus 2000, 5000, and 7000 Families – NX-OS based
modular data center switches
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Multilayer Switching Miscellany
 ASIC-based (hardware)
switching is supported even
with QoS and ACLs,
depending on the platform;
6500 switches support
hardware-based switching
with much larger ACLs than
3560 switches.
 ASICs on Catalyst switches
work in tandem with ternary
content addressable memory
(TCAM) and packet-matching
algorithms for high-speed
switching.
 Catalyst 6500 switches with
a Supervisor Engine 720 and
a Multilayer Switch Feature
Card (MSFC3) must
software-switch all packets
requiring Network Address
Translation.
 Unlike CPUs, ASICs scale in
switching architectures.
ASICs integrate onto
individual line modules of
Catalyst switches to
hardware-switch packets in a
distributed manner.
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Traffic Types
 Network Management – BPDU, CDP, SNMP, RMON, SSH
traffic (for example); low bandwidth
 IP Telephony – Signaling traffic and encapsulated voice traffic;
low bandwidth
 IP Multicast – IP/TV and market data applications; intensive
configuration requirements; very high bandwidth
 Normal Data – File and print services, email, Internet browsing,
database access, shared network applications; low to medium
bandwidth
 Scavenger Class – All traffic with protocols or patterns that
exceed normal data flows; less than best-effort traffic, such as
peer-to-peer traffic (instant messaging, file sharing, IP phone
calls, video conferencing); medium to high bandwidth
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Client-Server Applications
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Mail servers
File servers
Database servers
Access to applications is
fast, reliable, and secure
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Client-Enterprise Edge Applications
 Servers on the enterprise
edge, exchanging data
between an organization
and its public servers
 Examples: external mail
servers, e-commerce
servers, and public web
servers
 Security and high
availability are paramount
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Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA)
 Application Layer – business and collaboration applications; meet business
requirements leveraging interactive services layer.
 Interactive Services Layer – enable efficient allocation of resources to
applications and business processes through the networked infrastructure.
 Networked Infrastructure Layer – where all IT resources interconnect.
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Borderless Networks
 Enterprise architecture launched by Cisco in October 2009.
 Model enables businesses to transcend borders, access
resources anywhere, embrace business productivity, and
lower business and IT costs.
 Focuses more on growing enterprises into global
companies.
 Technical architecture based on three principles:
• Decoupling hardware from software
• Unifying computation, storage, and network
• Policy throughout the unified system
 Provides a platform for business innovation.
 Serves as the foundation for rich-media communications.
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Enterprise
Campus Design
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Building Access, Building Distribution, and Building
Core Layers
 Building Core Layer: highspeed campus backbone
designed to switch packets as
fast as possible; provides high
availability and adapts quickly to
changes.
 Building Distribution Layer:
aggregate wiring closets and
use switches to segment
workgroups and isolate network
problems.
 Building Access Layer: grant
user access to network devices.
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Core Layer
 Aggregates distribution layer switches.
 Implements scalable protocols and technologies and load
balancing.
 High-speed layer 3 switching using 10-Gigabit Ethernet.
 Uses redundant L3 links.
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Distribution Layer
 High availability, fast path recovery, load balancing, QoS, and security
 Route summarization and packet manipulation
 Redistribution point between routing domains
 Packet filtering and policy routing to implement policy-based connectivity
 Terminate VLANs
 First Hop Redundancy Protocol
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Access Layer
 High availability – supported by many hardware and software features, such
as redundant power supplies and First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP).
 Convergence – provides inline Power over Ethernet (PoE) to support IP
telephony and wireless access points.
 Security – includes port security, DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP inspection, IP
source guard.
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Small Campus Network
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<200 end devices
Collapsed core
Catalyst 3560 and 2960G switches for access layer
Cisco 1900 and 2900 routers to interconnect branch/WAN
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Medium Campus Network
 200-1000 end devices
 Redundant multilayer switches at distribution layer
 Catalyst 4500 or 6500 switches
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Large Campus Network
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>2000 end users
Stricter adherence to core, distribution, access delineation
Catalyst 6500 switches in core and distribution layers
Nexus 7000 switches in data centers
Division of labor amongst network engineers
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Data Center Infrastructure
 Core layer – high-speed packet switching backplane
 Aggregation layer – service module integration, default gateway
redundancy, security, load balancing, content switching, firewall, SSL
offload, intrusion detection, network analysis
 Access layer – connects servers to network
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PPDIOO Lifecycle
Approach to
Network Design
and
Implementation
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PPDIOO Phases
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Prepare – establish organizational requirements.
Plan – identify initial network requirements.
Design – comprehensive, based on planning outcomes.
Implement – build network according to design.
Operate – maintain network health.
Optimize – proactive management of network.
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Lifecycle Approach
 Lowering the total cost of
network ownership
 Increasing network
availability
 Improving business agility
 Speeding access to
applications and services
 Identifying and validating
technology requirements
 Planning for infrastructure
changes and resource
requirements
 Developing a sound
network design aligned
with technical
requirements and business
goals
 Accelerating successful
implementation
 Improving the efficiency of
your network and of the
staff supporting it
 Reducing operating
expenses by improving the
efficiency of operational
processes and tools
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Lifecycle Approach (1)
 Benefits:
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•
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•
Lowering the total cost of network ownership
Increasing network availability
Improving business agility
Speeding access to applications and services
 Lower costs:
• Identify and validate technology requirements
• Plan for infrastructure changes and resource requirements
• Develop a sound network design aligned with technical requirements
and business goals
• Accelerate successful implementation
• Improve the efficiency of your network and of the staff supporting it
• Reduce operating expenses by improving the efficiency of operational
processes and tools
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Lifecycle Approach (2)
 Improve high availability:
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Assessing the network’s security state and its capability to support the proposed design
Specifying the correct set of hardware and software releases, and keeping them operational and current
Producing a sound operations design and validating network operations
Staging and testing the proposed system before deployment
Improving staff skills
Proactively monitoring the system and assessing availability trends and alerts
 Gain business agility:
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Establishing business requirements and technology strategies
Readying sites to support the system that you want to implement
Integrating technical requirements and business goals into a detailed design and demonstrating
that the network is functioning as specified
Expertly installing, configuring, and integrating system components
Continually enhancing performance
 Accelerate access to network applications and services:
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Assessing and improving operational preparedness to support current and planned network technologies
and services
Improving service-delivery efficiency and effectiveness by increasing availability, resource capacity, and
performance
Improving the availability, reliability, and stability of the network and the applications running on it
Managing and resolving problems affecting your system and keeping software applications current
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Planning a Network Implementation
 Implementation Components:
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Description of the step
Reference to design documents
Detailed implementation guidelines
Detailed roll-back guidelines in case of failure
Estimated time needed for implementation
 Summary Implementation Plan – overview of
implementation plan
 Detailed Implementation Plan – describes exact steps
necessary to complete the implementation phase, including
steps to verify and check the work of the network engineers
implementing the plan
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Chapter 1 Summary
 Evolutionary changes are occurring within the campus
network.
 Evolution requires careful planning and deployments based
on hierarchical designs.
 As the network evolves, new capabilities are added, usually
driven by application data flows.
 Implementing the increasingly complex set of businessdriven capabilities and services in the campus architecture
is challenging if done in a piecemeal fashion.
 Any successful architecture must be based on a foundation
of solid design theory and principles. The adoption of an
integrated approach based on solid systems design
principles is a key to success.
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Chapter 1 Labs
 Lab 1-1
 Lab 1-2
Clearing a Switch
Clearing a Switch Connected to a Larger Network
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Resources
 www.cisco.com/en/US/products
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