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Introduction to Networking Technologies Stefan Karsten Technical Consultant e-mail: [email protected] Agenda • RMON • VLAN • Frame Relay • ATM RMON • Remote Monitoring Management Information Base (RMON MIB) was developed by a working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for network monitoring • It uses SNMP and its standard MIB design to provide multivendor interoperability between monitoring products and management stations RMON • RMON MIB software agents can be located on a variety of devices – Network interconnects such as bridges, routers, or hubs; – dedicated or non-dedicated hosts – customized platforms specifically designed as network management instruments RMON • RMON MIB is organized into nine groups for Ethernet (RFC 1271) and ten groups for Token Ring (RFC 1513) • Enhancements through RMON2 (RFC 2074,RFC 2021) RMON Ethernet groups • Statistics – Statistics about packets, octets, broadcasts, and multicasts on a local segment – Packet size distribution – Error counters for collisions, undersized packets, fragments, CRC, jabbers and oversized packets RMON Ethernet groups • History – Historical view of the statistics in the Statistical group except packet size distribution. Memory consuming • Host Table – Hosts statistics of packets sent and received, octets set and received, broadcasts, multicasts and error packets sent RMON Ethernet groups • Host Top N – Extends the Host Table by providing sorted hosts statistics of the top N nodes sent over the last 24 hours • Traffic Matrix – Shows the amount of traffic and number or errors between pair of nodes RMON Ethernet groups • Alarms – Setting Thresholds and sampling intervals to generate events on any counter maintained by the agent • Filters – Fills packet capture buffer with packets that match filters installed by the user RMON Ethernet groups • Packet Capture – Includes the capability for users to create a multiple number of capture buffers and to control when to wrap or stop capturing • Events – Entries created in the monitor log or SNMP traps send from the agent to the management station on Alarms of the Event group RMON Token Ring groups • Host Group, Filter Group,Matrix Group – as defined for Ethernet • Mac-Layer Statistics – collects information from Mac Layer, including error reports for the ring and ring utilization of the Mac Layer. • Promiscuous Statistics – collects utilization statistics from data packets collected promiscuously RMON Token Ring groups • Station – contains statistics and status information associated with each Token Ring station on the local ring • Station Order – provides the order of the stations on monitored rings RMON Token Ring groups • Station Order – provides the order of the stations on monitored rings • Ring Station Config – manages token ring stations through active means. Any station on a monitored ring may be removedor have configuration information downloaded from it RMON Token Ring groups • Source Routing – contains utilization statistics derived from source routing information optionally present in token ring packets Traditional Fully Routed Network • Most networks consists of a simple, hierarchical arrangement • Routers allowed communication between networks when necessary • Traditional routers are slow, complicated and expensive Traditional Fully Routed Network Router Hub PCs Hub PCs Server Hub PCs Server Server Standard Switched Network • Switches spearheaded the next evolution of network structure • Providing dedicated bandwidth where needed, they greatly increased performance • Traditional switches segment only unicast, or node-to-node, traffic • They do not limit broadcast traffic (packets or multicast traffic Standard Switched Network Corporate Router Server WAN Switch Hub Switch Hub PCs Hub PCs Hub PCs PCs VLAN Solution • VLANs offer an effective solution to swamped routers and broadcast storms • limiting the distribution of broadcast, multicast and unicast traffic, they can help free up bandwidth • Simple management from a management console rather than the wiring closet. • Enhanced network security VLAN Solution Hub Marketing Sales Engineering PCs Corporate Router Switch WAN Server Types of VLANS • Port-based VLAN – The administrator assigns each port of a switch to a VLAN – The switch determines the VLAN membership of each packet by noting the port on which it arrives – Reassignment is necessary when a user moves to a different location – Repeater connection means that all users are automatically assigned to the same VLAN Types of VLANS Marketing Port-based VLAN Switch 1 2 3 Engineering 4 5 6 Sales 7 8 9 Types of VLANS • MAC address-based VLAN – LAN membership of a packet is determined by ist source or destination MAC address – Each switch maintains a table of MAC addresses and their corresponding VLAN memberships – A single MAC address cannot easily be a member of multiple VLANs Types of VLANS • Layer 3 (or protocol)-based VLANs – The VLAN membership of a packet is based on protocols (IP, IPX, Netbios, etc.) and Layer 3 addresses – An IP subnet or an IPX network can each be assigned their own VLAN – Protocol-based membership allows the administrator to assign nonroutable protocols, such as Netbios or DECNET Types of VLANS Distinction between VLAN implementations is the method used to indicate membership • Implicit: VLAN membership is indicated by the MAC address. In this case,all switches that support a particular VLAN must share a table of member MAC addresses. • Explicit: A tag is added to the packet to indicate VLAN membership. Cisco ISL and the IEEE 802.1q VLAN specifications both use this method. VLAN Standard 802.1q • IEEE 802.1q specification is going to support port-based membership and explicit tagging • IEEE 802.1p, defines the use of priority bits, which are part of the explicit VLAN tag as defined in 802.1q VLAN Terms • VLAN ID: unique number (between 1 and 4094) that identifies a particular VLAN • VLAN Name: 32-character alphanumeric name associated with a VLAN ID • Filtering Database: Database structure within the switch that keeps track of the associations between MAC addresses, VLANs, and interface (port) numbers VLAN Terms • Filtering Database ID (FID): Addressing information that the device learns about a VLAN is stored in the filtering database assigned to that VLAN • Tag Header (VLAN Tag): Four bytes of data inserted in a frame that identifies the VLAN/frame classification • Port VLAN ID (PVID): Identifies the VLAN into which untagged frames are classified according to a specific port VLAN Terms • 1Q Trunk: connection between 802.1Q switches that passes only traffic with VLAN Tag Header inserted in the frame. 1Q Trunk drops all incoming frames that do not have a VLAN tag • 1D Trunk: connection from a switch that passes only untagged traffic WAN Technologies • What is a wide area network? – Interconnected LANs may be in the same geographic area or may be separated from one another by great distances. When the LANs are geographically disperse, they are connected into a wide area network (WAN) WAN Technologies • Two types of WAN: – Point-to-point WAN • ISDN – Cloud WAN • ATM • Frame Relay Point-to-point WAN Slough Islandia • Dedicated Connections • Fixed Speed • Administration overhead • Privately or PTT operated Paris Darmstadt Cloud WAN Slough Islandia •Transparent Connections • Easy administration • Flexible Speed • Often PTT operated Cloud WAN Paris Darmstadt Frame Relay • Initial proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) in 1984 • Major development in Frame Relay’s history in 1990 by Cisco Systems, StrataCom,Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation Frame Relay • Cloud WAN • Inital standard 1988 (I.122) • Speeds between 56Kbps to 2Mbps and higher Frame Relay Terms • Frame Relay provides a packet-switching data communications capability • Two types of devices – User devices are data terminal equipment (DTE) – Network equipment that interfaces to DTE is a data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) • Communication over Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC) Frame Relay Terms DTE DTE Frame Relay Network DCE DCE Switching Node Permanent Virtual Circuit Frame Relay Terms • The DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) identifies the logical connection that is multiplexed into the physical channel • DLCIs have local significance; the end devices at two different ends of a connection may use a different DLCI to refer to that same connection Frame Relay Terms Slough Islandia DLCI=12 DLCI=12 Paris DLCI=82 WAN DLCI=64 Darmstadt Switching Node Permanent Virtual Circuit Frame Relay Terms Frame Relay Network Data Link Connection (Logical) Channel (Physical) Router Frame Relay Terms • Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) bit is set by the Frame Relay network in a frame to tell the DTE receiving that frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination • Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) bit is set by the Frame Relay network in frames traveling in the opposite direction from frames encountering a congested path. Frame Relay Terms • Frame Relay extensions are referred to collectively as the local management interface (LMI) – connection identifiers global rather than local significance – Virtual circuit status messages reporting the existence of new PVCs and the deletion of already existing PVCs Hybrid Frame Relay Router Multiplexer Frame Relay Network PBX Multiplexer Router Video/Teleconference Frame Relay Management • RFC 1315: MIB for Frame Relay DTEs ATM • Asynchronous Transfer Mode /ATM) can transmit voice, video, data, and graphics across LANs, metropolitan area networks (MANs), and WANs • ATM is an international standard defined by ANSI and ITU-TSS (formerly CCITT) and the ATM Forum (jointly founded in 1991 by Cisco Systems,NET/ADAPTIVE, Northern Telecom, and Sprint) ATM • Connection oriented – dedicated links existing between network devices • Cell-switching – segment data at high speeds into units called cells of 52 octets length • Multiplexing technology – single network for all traffic types, including voice, data, graphics, and video ATM ATM Switch ATM Network ATM Switch ATM Switch ATM Uplink LAN Switch ATM Terms • ATM stations connecting to the ATM network, arrange a contract with the network based on Quality of Service (QoS) of the User-toNetwork Interface (UNI) specifications • ATM will be available at 155 Mbps through an interface to Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) • SONET will eventually allow ATM to be deployed at rates of 622 Mbps, 1.2 Gbps, and 2.4 Gbps ATM Terms • ATM Adaptation Layer 1(AAL/1) supports connection-orientated services for traffic that is constant which require timing synchronization and constant bit rate service like video signals • ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4 (AAL/3,AAL/4) is designed for both connectionless and connection-oriented variable bit rate services ATM Terms ATM Terms ATM Terms • Virtual connections are made of Virtual Channels (VCs) and virtual paths (VPs) which are based on the operation and nature of these virtual connections • Virtual channel (VC) is a single connection between two ATM devices • The channel is given a unique identifier, called a Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) ATM Terms • Virtual paths are groups of VCs that are carried between two ATM interfaces • VPs are given unique identifiers, called Virtual Path Identifiers (VPI). ATM Terms • A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is the end-to-end path that an ATM signal takes from its source to its destination • A VCC is made up of a series of intermediate hops, that are each identified by their respective VCIs and VPIs ATM Terms Source 1 Destination 1 VCC 1 VCI: 41 VPI: 12 VCI: 73 VPI: 19 VCI: 15 VPI: 62 ATM Switch VCI: 33 VPI: 11 Source 2 ATM Switch VCI: 48 VPI: 62 VCC 2 VCI: 20 VPI: 09 Destination 2 ATM Terms • Permanent Virtual Channels (PVCs) are manually established once and kept up until removed • Switched Virtual Channels (SVCs) established temporarily, used for the duration of a transmission or series of transmissions, and then eliminated by the network ATM Cell Header 5 Bytes Data Field 48 Bytes ATM cell stream ATM Management • RFC 1695 –AToM MIB