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Transcript
Chapter Four Greeks & Romans Greece Origins of Indo-European people took over the Greek peninsula by 1700 B.C.E. Greek By 600 B.C.E. Greek civilization rose to civilization prominence rapidly w/ strong city-states Each city-state had its own govt, typically either City-states Pericles a tyranny of one or a few rulers Or an aristocratic council Citizenship Polis – city state Demos - the people Sparta - strong military aristocracy Athens - more diverse commercial state that was proud of its artistic and intellectual leadership Pericles - democratic political structure where each citizen could participate in govt Political decline soon set in for the city-states as Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece during the Peloponnesian Wars Greek city-states Greek Culture Pantheon Greek Gods - Zeus, Apollo, Neptune, Mars, Venus Literature Sappho Sophocles Iliad, Odyssey Greece Continued Alexander the Great Hellenistic Age - Philip II of Macedon conquered Greece - his son Alexander the Great took over & extended the Macedonian Empire throughout the Middle East and Egypt - Conquered & established colonies for trade merging of Greek art and culture with other Middle Eastern forms and had influence well beyond the end of the empire Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World c. 323 B.C.E. Rome Punic Wars Julius Caesar Augustus 800 BCE – started as a monarchy in central Italy 509 BCE - Aristocrats kicked out the monarchy Law codes 12 Tables, by 450 B.C.E. Roman influence widened during the three Punic Wars (264 to 146 B.C.E.) - Rome fought and defeated the armies of the Phoenician city of Carthage led by Hannibal. 45 B.C.E. Julius Caesar First lifetime dictator (emperor) Power of Senate decreased Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E. reestablished Constitution Senate pax Romana Ruins of the Roman Senate Roman Coliseum Roman Empire The Expansion of the Roman Empire, 133 B.C.E. Roman Economy & Society Agriculture poor soils market farms Trade grain luxuries Society slavery family Rome Pax Romana 476 CE Christianity Constantine Pax Romana - 200 years of peace and prosperity to the entire Mediterranean world The empire suffered a slow fall that lasted about 250 years; generals sought greater power & poor citizens in cities rebelled Invading peoples from north conquered Roman Empire in 476 C.E. Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire b/c numbers of Christians had increased & Christians refused to place the state (nation) above their God Legacies of Greece & Rome No single Greek political style, but democracy is the most famous. Classical Mediterranean political theory involved: ethics duties of citizens skills, such as oratory. The greatest an intense loyalty to the state, a political preference for aristocratic rule, and the legacies of the development of a uniform set of legal Mediterranean principles. cultures were Governments supported an official religion, but tolerance of other faiths was the norm Religion and Culture Religion Philosophy Sciences Several religions - complex set of gods and goddesses who were seen as regulating human life Models of moral philosophy were developed, by such men as Aristotle and Cicero, who like Confucius, taught the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior Socrates taught followers to question using rational inquiry Greek advanced in geometry and anatomy Greatest Roman contribution to the sciences engineering In the arts and literature, the Greeks had few equals, particularly in sculpture, architecture, and plays. The Romans mimicked but rarely surpassed the Greek innovators in these fields.