Download Chapter 4--Classical Grecco

Chapter Four
Greeks
&
Romans
Greece
 Origins of  Indo-European people took over the Greek
peninsula by 1700 B.C.E.
Greek
 By 600 B.C.E. Greek civilization rose to
civilization prominence rapidly w/ strong city-states
 Each city-state had its own govt, typically either
 City-states
 Pericles







a tyranny of one or a few rulers
Or an aristocratic council
Citizenship
Polis – city state
Demos - the people
Sparta - strong military aristocracy
Athens - more diverse commercial state that was
proud of its artistic and intellectual leadership
 Pericles - democratic political structure where
each citizen could participate in govt
 Political decline soon set in for the city-states as
Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece
during the Peloponnesian Wars
Greek city-states
Greek Culture
 Pantheon
 Greek Gods - Zeus, Apollo, Neptune,
Mars, Venus
 Literature
 Sappho
 Sophocles
 Iliad, Odyssey
Greece Continued
 Alexander
the Great
 Hellenistic
Age
- Philip II of Macedon conquered Greece
- his son Alexander the Great took over
& extended the Macedonian Empire
throughout the Middle East and Egypt
- Conquered & established colonies for
trade
 merging of Greek art and culture with
other Middle Eastern forms and had
influence well beyond the end of the
empire
Alexander’s Empire and the
Hellenistic World c. 323 B.C.E.
Rome
 Punic Wars
 Julius
Caesar
 Augustus
 800 BCE – started as a monarchy in central
Italy
 509 BCE - Aristocrats kicked out the
monarchy
 Law codes 12 Tables, by 450 B.C.E.
 Roman influence widened during the three
Punic Wars (264 to 146 B.C.E.) - Rome
fought and defeated the armies of the
Phoenician city of Carthage led by Hannibal.
 45 B.C.E. Julius Caesar
 First lifetime dictator (emperor)
 Power of Senate decreased
 Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E.
 reestablished Constitution
 Senate
 pax Romana
Ruins of the Roman Senate
Roman Coliseum
Roman Empire
The Expansion of the Roman
Empire, 133 B.C.E.
Roman Economy & Society
 Agriculture
 poor soils
 market farms
 Trade
 grain
 luxuries
 Society
 slavery
 family
Rome
 Pax Romana
 476 CE
 Christianity
 Constantine
 Pax Romana - 200 years of peace and
prosperity to the entire Mediterranean
world
 The empire suffered a slow fall that
lasted about 250 years; generals sought
greater power & poor citizens in cities
rebelled
 Invading peoples from north conquered
Roman Empire in 476 C.E.
 Christianity became official religion of
Roman Empire b/c numbers of
Christians had increased & Christians
refused to place the state (nation) above
their God
Legacies of Greece & Rome
 No single Greek political style, but
democracy is the most famous.
 Classical Mediterranean political theory
involved:
 ethics
 duties of citizens
 skills, such as oratory.
 The greatest
 an intense loyalty to the state, a
political
preference for aristocratic rule, and the
legacies of the
development of a uniform set of legal
Mediterranean
principles.
cultures were  Governments supported an official
religion, but tolerance of other faiths was
the norm
Religion and Culture
Religion
Philosophy
Sciences
 Several religions - complex set of gods and
goddesses who were seen as regulating human life
 Models of moral philosophy were developed, by
such men as Aristotle and Cicero, who like
Confucius, taught the importance of moderation
and balance in human behavior
 Socrates taught followers to question using
rational inquiry
 Greek advanced in geometry and anatomy
 Greatest Roman contribution to the sciences engineering
 In the arts and literature, the Greeks had few
equals, particularly in sculpture, architecture, and
plays.
 The Romans mimicked but rarely surpassed the
Greek innovators in these fields.