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Rome
Chapter 6
Location and place
• Rome
– centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin
and distant from eastern Mediterranean
powers
– Originally developed because of its strategic
location and fertile soil
• Italian Peninsula
• Alps - provided protection
• Mediterranean Sea- protection, sea-borne
commerce
Social structure in the Roman
Republic
• Patricians- powerful nobility inherited their
power and social standing(few in number)
• Plebeians- majority of population
• Slaves- not based on race
Social Order and Politics
• Both were Roman
citizens,
• Patricians were the
only ones allowed to
– their rights were different. hold political office.
• Both Patricians and
Plebeians could vote.
• Both had the right to
make legal contracts
and marry
• Intermarriage between
the classes was not
allowed.
Plebeians Gain Power
• Forced Patricians to write down laws
– Twelve Tables
• Gov’t created a new assembly (Council of
Plebs) in 471 B.C.
• New leaders called Tribunes protected the
Plebeians.
• A new law allowed intermarriage.
• In 278 B.C. the Council received the right
to pass laws for all Romans
Citizenship and Republic
Citizenship
• Patrician and
plebeian men
• Selected foreigners
• Rights and
responsibilities of
citizenship (taxes,
military service,
voting)
Republic
• Representative
democracy
• Assemblies
• The Senate
• Consuls
• Laws of Rome
codified as Twelve
Tables
Punic Wars
Rome v. Carthage
264-146 B.C.
Punic Wars
• Rome and Carthage (Latin for Phoenician)
were in competition for trade
• Started when Rome sent troops to help
settle a local dispute in Sicily (Carthage
thought it was an act of war)
• Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula
Punic Wars
• Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the
destruction of Carthage, and expanded
trade and wealth for Rome
– 241B.C. Carthage loses Sicily
– 201 B.C. Carthage loses Spain
– 146 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and takes
Africa
Evolution of the Roman
Empire
• Make a timeline showing Roman gains in the
following places.
• Mediterranean basin
–
–
–
–
Africa
Asia
Europe
Including the Hellenistic world of the eastern
Mediterranean
• Western Europe
– Gaul
– British Isles
Mythology
• Based on the Greek polytheistic religion
• And just like the Greeks--explains natural
phenomena, human qualities, and life
events
Gods/Goddesses
• Jupiter/Zeus, Juno/Hera, Apollo/Apollo,
Diana/Artemis, Minerva/Athena, and
Venus/Aphrodite
• Symbols and images in literature, art,
monumental architecture, and politics
**Foldable**
• In addition to the Gods, Romans later
worshiped the Emperor
Decline of the Roman Republic
• Causes
– Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
– Migration of small farmers into cities and
unemployment
– Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
– Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation
Rise of Imperial Rome
(Rome as an Empire)
• First Triumvirate
• Julius Caesar- seizure of power,
assassination (when)
• Augustus Caesar- civil war, defeat of Marc
Anthony, Rome’s first emperor
• Empire- unified and enlarged, using
imperial authority and the military
• Failure to provide for peaceful succession
of Emperors
Pax Romana
Pax Romana
• Enabled by conquest and trade
• Two centuries (200 years) of peace and
prosperity under imperial rule
• Trade flourished
• Roman culture spread
• Expansion and solidification of Roman
Empire particularly in the Near East
• Civil Service
– Government officials to carry out laws
Pax Romana: Economic, Social,
and Political Impact
Economic
• Established uniform
system of money,
which helped to
expand trade
• Guaranteed safe
travel and trade on
Roman Roads
• Promoted prosperity
and stability
Social
• Returned stability to
social classes
• Increased emphasis
on the family
Political
• Created a civil service
• Developed a uniform
rule of law
Beliefs, traditions, and customs
CHRISTIANITY
Origins
• Had its roots in Judaism, claimed to fulfill
God’s promises in the Torah
• Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who
claimed to be the promised Messiah
• Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of
Roman Empire
All about Jesus
• Historical person
• He said he was God
– “I and the Father are one.” -John 10:30
• Claimed exclusive access to heaven and
truth
– Jesus answered, "I am the way and the truth
and the life. No one comes to the Father
except through me. –John 14:6
More about Jesus
• Arrested by Jewish religious leaders
• They convinced Pilate, the Roman
governor, to crucify Jesus
• Jesus died
• Three days later, Jesus’ tomb was empty
• Many people claimed that they had seen
Jesus and that He had been resurrected
Beliefs, traditions, and
customs
• Monotheism
• Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God
– God and Human simultaneously
• All humans sin; God punishes sinners with hell
• Jesus substituted for the world perfectly and
paid for everyone’s sins with his life and death
• God raised Jesus from the dead
• Life after death
– Everyone has a soul
• Believers = Heaven
• Unbelievers = Hell
Beliefs, traditions, and
customs cont.
• New Testament, containing accounts of
the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as
writings of early Christians
• Christian doctrine formalized by early
church councils
Spread of Christianity
• Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the
Roman Empire
– Good road system
• Popular yet dividing message
– FREE eternal life, humans do nothing!
– For everyone (no discrimination gender, race, age, etc.)
• Persecution by Roman authorities
– All 12 apostles except one martyred for their faith
– Many others killed for their faith
– Helped spread the religion by inspiring others
• Those people are dying without protesting. What’s up wit dat?
• Adopted as official religion of Empire by Theodosius
• Religion protected by Constantine
Christian Symbols
Cross
Fish
Trinity
CHRISTIANITY AND ROME
Impact of the Church
• As Empire slowly crumbles and loses influence,
the Western Church takes on some of that
power
• Church became main unifying force of Western
Europe
– Different customs, etc., but still Christian
• Loyalty to the church became more important
than loyalty to the Emperor
****Eventual split of Church into East and West
over icons and Pope v. Emperor Control
• Church became an example of moral authority
Contributions
Ancient Rome
• Art/Architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum,
Forum
• Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman
arches
• Science: Ptolemy
• Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public
baths; public water system; medical schools)
• Language: Latin, Romance languages
• Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid
• Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of
Christianity as the imperial religion
• Law: The principle of “innocent until proven
guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)
Decline and Fall of
the Western Roman
Empire
Causes and Division
Causes
• Economy—The cost of defense and
devaluation of Roman currency
• Military—Army membership starting to
include invaders, resulting in decline of
discipline
• Moral decay—People’s loss of faith in Rome
and the family
• Political problems—Civil conflict and weak
administration
• Invasion—Attacks on borders
Division of the Empire
• Empire Divides into 2 due to size by
Diocletian
• Move of capital by Constantine from Rome
to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
• Survival of Western Roman Empire until
476A.D., when it ceased to have a Roman
Emperor
• Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine
Empire)