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Roman
(800 BCE Etruscan – 508 BCE)
509 BCE– 476 AD
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Chronology of
Roman History
The Etruscan Period - 700 to 500 BCE – 783 BCE: Rome Founded
Between the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, the central regions of the Italian peninsula were dominated by the Etruscans, a
Bronze Age people noted for their expert metalwork, who maintained trading ties all through the Mediterranean,
including Greece. The Etruscans left an excellent record of their civilization behind in the form of public and domestic
architecture, tomb structures, painting and sculpture.
The Roman Republican Period - 500 to 27 BCE: - 44 BCE: Assassination of Julius Caesar
In the 6th century BCE, the overthrow of a despotic Etruscan king marked the beginning of the Roman Republic, which
was controlled by a patrician group of families who ruled over a much larger lower class. By 275 BCE, the Romans
controlled the entire Italian peninsula. Prosperity and expansion followed; first, victory over Carthage and the western
Mediterranean, then Macedonia, Greece, and Gaul.
The Early Roman Empire: from 27 CE - 79 CE: Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius covers Pompeii and Herculaneum
The declaration of Octavian as the first Emperor, Augustus - until the reign of Marcus Aurelius, 180 CE.
The Republican political system broke down under the strain of such expansion, and in 27 BCE, after a period of strife,
a more dictatorial Imperial system emerged. The administration of such vast territories and populations required
inspired leadership and skilled governance. Under the Empire a system of civil law developed, and massive physical
infrastructure was put in place.
The Late Roman Empire: 180 - 330 CE
When the capital was moved to Byzantium by the Emperor Constantine.
395 CE
Division of Roman into Eastern and Western Empires
476 CE
Last Western emperor of Rome deposed
Historical Background
• Early Roman history is close to Etruscan until the revolution in 509 B.C.
• Society consisted of Romans, their families, slaves and foreigners
• During the Republic, Etruscan cities and land were slowly absorbed by the
Roman Republic
Government
• Conservative government with two counsels elected annually who exercised
the executive powers and in time of war commanded the armies
•Also had a senate and popular assembly
•Under this form of government Roman control expanded over all of Italy
and across N. Africa
•Eventually strain of war and economy resulted in strife and Julius Caesar
was elected dictator for life.
ROMAN Ideals:
• Supported charities
• Managed large household staff
• Involved in business affairs and politics
• Attended artistic and literary events
• Presented important speeches before legal and political gatherings
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Roman
Architecture
(800 BCE Etruscan – 508 BCE)
509 BCE– 476 AD
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The Etruscan City: Orthogonal grid plan with two intersecting main streets.
The city's business center and public amenities were at this intersection. This
plan would be further elaborated upon by the Romans into sophisticated urban
infrastructures.
The Ruins of Timgad , Algeria
(100 CE)
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The Roman Forum
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Etruscan Templar Architecture (reconstruction):
Not isolated like Greek religious structures … HEART of the City.
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Maison Carré, Nîmes, France, (c. 20 BCE):
Greek temples were freestanding around all four sides of the temple. Roman
columns are now partly engaged in the cella wall.
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2nd century BCE,
Roman builders
relied increasingly
on the use of an
early form of
composite
concrete. Binder
was made from
volcanic sand and
clay.
Roman architects
were interested in
space, volume,
and in the
interchange
between interior
and exterior
space.
Marcus Vitruvius
Pollio: “De
Architectura”
Tuscan Order: derived from the
Greek Doric
Composite Order: derived from the
Corinthian acanthus leaf motifs, to which
was added the Ionic volute.
The column in Roman architecture was
employed primarily as a decorative
rather than a structural element, and is
often seen applied to the façade in the
form of an engaged column.
Romans used their practical ingenuity
and new-found expertise in engineering
techniques to build road and irrigation
networks, administrative and commercial
centers (forums), marketplaces,
amenities such as theatres, oval arenas,
racetracks(circuses), public baths,
libraries, retirement communities, and
housing.
Pantheon, Rome, Italy (125-28 CE):
“All the Gods”
Hemispherical Dome: largest domed structure to date
143 ft. in diameter
Rotunda: Circular Building
Coffered Ceiling: Recessed Panels
Oculus: Circular Opening
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Niche: an ornamental recess in a wall or the like, usually semicircular in plan and12
arched, as for a statue or other decorative object.
Trajan’s Forum and Basilica, Rome, Italy (113 CE) (reconstruction):
Basilica: large, rectangular building with a rounded extension or apse at each end.
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Apse: a semicircular or polygonal termination or recess in a building (usually vaulted)
Colosseum, Rome, Italy (72 CE)
Columns: ground floor are the Tuscan (Doric), the first floor are Ionic, the second floor
are Corinthian and the top of floor are Corinthian pilaster in Composite Style
The arrangement of the seats with the method
of reaching them is shown in the sectional
plan (right). The seats were arranged in three
tiers, one above the other, separated by broad
passageways and rising more steeply the
farther they were from the arena, and were
crowned by an open gallery.
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Arch of Constantine, Rome (315 CE)
(above)
Arc de Triomphe (right)
Triumphal Arches: erected over the entrance to the major roadway of the city and
built to celebrate campaign victories. (Hallmark of Roman Style)
post-and-lintel
Baths of Carcalla, Rome (211-217 CE)
Baths were opulent palaces of luxury and could accommodate large numbers.
Commonly housed gardens, restaurants, gymnasia, hot, warm and cold baths and
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swimming pools.
Pompeii (c. 2nd Century BCE)
79 CE: Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius
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Trompe l'oeil: Visual Deception in Painting
Pompeii Forum
Linked Pompeii to Naples, Nola, and Stabiae
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Villa in Pompeii
1. Vestibule
2. Atrium (interior
open courtyard)
3. Impluvium (pool)
4. triclinium (dining
room)
5. tablinium (reception):
situated on one side
of the atrium and
opposite to the
entrance
6. kitchen
7. bathroom
8. storage
9. Peristyle: A court
enclosed by columns.
10. garden
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Roman
Furniture
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Roman
Costume
(800 BCE Etruscan – 508 BCE)
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Tebenna Shawls, Naples (5th Century BCE)
Dress in Roman society it was an indicator of rank or status.
Clavi: a vertical stripe or band of purple worn on the
tunic by senators and equites (mounted military).
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Roman
Costume
509 BCE– 476 AD
Roman styles relied more on cutting and sewing, as in the tunic. Most
Greek costume is based on rectangular forms, whereas Roman dress
used a greater variety of shapes, including elliptical shapes. Wool was
used by the Romans, whereas the Greeks preferred the lighter, flowing
qualities of linen. The Romans wore more layers and used more
ornamentation and accessories, reflecting differences in social status
among the classes.
MEN
Pater Familias: male head of the household.
A businessman and a patron of the arts, and
passed the time attending political and
cultural events. Much of the day was spent
pursuing leisure activities, which might
include going to the baths or gymnasium.
Umbo: (pouch)
Bulla: neckpiece (to
ward off infertility)
Toga: based on the Greek himation, was a
large rounded rectangle of fine-woven wool
public garment (men only and in public).
Clavi:
(colored band)
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Togas grew to immense
proportions, up to ten
yards!
Required wearer to move
with care. Left arm was
immobilized by the
drapery and designed for
the physically ideal.
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Early Empire Tunic:TUNIC
Undergarments for men
consisted of a loincloth, over which was worn
a chiton sewn into a tunic, resembling the
Greek prototype.
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Late Empire Tunic: Near the
end of the Empire, the tunic
reached calf-length for the
average citizen
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“Brutus Hair Cut”
Early Imperial: Hair was cut short, and
brushed forward around the clean-shaven
face in the early Empire.
Late Imperial: beards and medium-length hair
dressed with filets were seen.
Early Imperial
Late Imperial
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WOMEN
Women’s fashion closely resembled the Greek
model.
Women’s Tunic and Ionic Chiton
Stola: Outer Tunic with Straps
Palla: based on the Greek himation that paralleled
the men’s toga.
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PALLA
The Palla is a simple rectangular drape worn for
modesty and protection from the elements.
It could be worn about the shoulders as shown, or
drawn over the head. Use a full width of cloth, and hem
or just fringe the ends to prevent fraying.
Used to cover head while in public
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Women’s hair was often
pictured elaborate and often
braided and dyed blonde.
False hair was also used.
Tutulus (c. 90 CE): had many variations
and was built up into a cone-shape with
pads of false hair, and decorated with
wrought metal diadems and interlaced
lengths of braided hair.
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Hairstyle of the Roman Mater Familias
Gold jewelry reached a high level of
craftsmanship, and quantities of gold
earrings, armlets, rings, and filets have
been found.
Men and women alike used makeup to
reduce the effects of age.
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Strophium: “small twisted thing” could
be worn to support breasts.
Subligaria: loin cloth (panties)
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Roman Tunica Patterns
Roman Peplos Pattern
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Calcei : Shoes/boots (whole foot covering)
Caliga: Leather-laced Sandal (variations
called “solea”
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Cuirass/Lorica: Breastplate (generally bronze)… The cuirass was made of front
and back sections held together at shoulder and sides with leather buckles.
Elaborately sculpted imagery of gorgons and serpents were an essential component
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<Cuirass was based on earlier leather Etruscan version (4th century CE)
Discuss these 2 images in regard
to the ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
^ Imperial Rome: “Marriage of
Aldobrandi” (fresco) shows the
preparation of the bride for the
ceremony.
> Scene of anacalypsis: husband
drawing aside his newly wed
wife's veil in the bridal room. (150100 BCE)