Download AP Rome and Han

Rome’s Mediterranean Empire
753 BCE – 600 CE
Early Rome
• Present Day Italy
• Latin speech of culture
common of indigenous
population
• Etruscan immigrants
arrive in 7th Century BCE
Republic of Farmers
• 753 BCE – 31 BCE
• Agriculture key economic
activity
• Land ownership
determined wealth, social
standing, etc.
• Council of Elders = large
land owners
– Dominated politics,
senatorial class
Introduction of Roman Republic
• Republic of Farmers
– 7 Kings,
• last = tyrant
• overthrown by
Brutus – establish
res publica
(Republic)
Roman Republic
• 507 BCE – 31 BCE
• Not democracy – power
w/ assembly
– Highest power =
2
counsels over the
senate
• Senate = wealthy
landowners, self
perpetuating, life time
service
Roman Republic
• Social
inequality
Conflict of
Orders – fights
B/T upper class
(Patricians) and
lower class
(Plebeians)
• Plebeians would refuse to
work and sometimes leave to
gain social/political influence
• 12 Stone Tablets
(published laws)
• Tribunes: lower class group
(elected) who could veto acts
passed by the Senate
• Elite able to sidestep some
reforms by expanding elite
to encompass some
Plebeians
Roman Republic
• Basic unit of society =
family, leader – oldest
male (paterfamilias)
• Patron/Client
Relationships wealthy &
influential person bound to
a lesser family/individual
– Patron = legal advice,
protection, loans, etc.
– Client = support in
battle, work land,
support politically
• Women-childlike under the eyes of the law – always under
male
• Overtime gained status – married but under dad (able to
gain freedom upon death of father)
• Inequality accepted and reinforced by systems of mutual
benefits
• Pax deorum – contract B/T gods and state, Romans
tried to maintain the peace w/ gods
Expansion of Roman Republic
• Why?? Greed, State
Structure reinforced
expansion, Fear
• Land owning men had to
serve in military
– Sophisticated armor
• Conquered ppl offered
economic, political, and
legal privileges of Rome
– Military service required
in return
Expansion of Roman Empire
• 264-202 BCE 2 battles
against Carthaginians,
Rome = conquered W.
Mediterranean (1st
overseas provinces)
• 200-146BCE Rome vs.
Hellenistic Kingdoms
• 59-51 BCE conquered
Celtic ppl of Gaul (France)
under Julius Caesar – 1st
European break
Expansion of Roman Empire
• @ 1st didn’t extend
citizenship to far away
provinces – elite groups
given autonomy
• Roman Senator sent to
govern = Provincial
Administrator – eventually
failed B/C officials were
not good and selected B/C
of connection and not
ability
Decline of the Republic
• When landowning peasants were fighting –
farms turned into latifundia or large
farms/estates by upper classes
• Latifundia shifted production to wine
B/C create bigger profit, but at What
Cost??
– Cities depend on imported grain
• Peasants couldn’t find work (B/C cheaper slaves)
decline in peasant farmers shortage of military
(landowners)
• Property less, poor men accepted into the army
loyalty w/ army leader not state civil wars &
Roman Principate
• Octavian/Augustus (63
BCE-14 CE) kept up
pretenses but
completely altered
power – military
dictator, began Roman
Principate
• Ruthless &
manipulative –aligned
w/ equites (Italian
merchants & land
owners)
• The center of political action in the
Roman Republic was
• a. the Council of Nobles.
• b. annually elected civic officials.
• c. the Senate.
• d. the Plebeian Council.
• e. the Congress of Monarchs.
• The center of political action in the
Roman Republic was
• a. the Council of Nobles.
• b. annually elected civic officials.
• c. the Senate.
• d. the Plebeian Council.
• e. the Congress of Monarchs.
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Which statement is true about Roman women?
a. They were equal to Roman men.
b. They had no say in family matters.
c. They exercised influence over husbands
and sons.
• d. They were required to provide ten years of
military service.
• e. They were powerless and virtually slaves in
their own homes.
•
•
•
•
Which statement is true about Roman women?
a. They were equal to Roman men.
b. They had no say in family matters.
c. They exercised influence over husbands and
sons.
• d. They were required to provide ten years of
military service.
• e. They were powerless and virtually slaves in
their own homes.
• Which of the following was NOT a
contributing factor to Roman expansion?
• a. aggressive fans of war in Rome.
• b. the short term of office of the Consuls
in the senate
• c. the desire to acquire buffer zones
protecting them from attack by enemies.
• d. the mandate to impose their religion
on neighboring regions.
• e. the presence of a large, well
maintained army.
• Which of the following was NOT a
contributing factor to Roman expansion?
• a. aggressive fans of war in Rome.
• b. the short term of office of the Consuls
in the senate
• c. the desire to acquire buffer zones
protecting them from attack by enemies.
• d. the mandate to impose their religion
on neighboring regions.
• e. the presence of a large, well
maintained army.
• For a period of over 60 years, Rome fought
a war of expansion with which people?
• a. Lebanon.
• b. Israel.
• c. Carthage.
• d. Persia.
• e. Scythians.
• For a period of over 60 years, Rome fought
a war of expansion with which people?
• a. Lebanon.
• b. Israel.
• c. Carthage.
• d. Persia.
• e. Scythians.
• During the Republic, Romans managed their
imperial territories by
• a. brutal domination and conquest, enslaving
local populations.
• b. establishing a system of satrapies and using
local leaders to enforce Roman power.
• c. nonoccupation and little interaction other than
tax collection.
• d. establishing a provincial administration and
sending a Roman senator to oversee matters.
• e. dispatching the army to occupy the area and
bring the locals into line.
• During the Republic, Romans managed their
imperial territories by
• a. brutal domination and conquest, enslaving
local populations.
• b. establishing a system of satrapies and using
local leaders to enforce Roman power.
• c. nonoccupation and little interaction other than
tax collection.
• d. establishing a provincial administration and
sending a Roman senator to oversee matters.
• e. dispatching the army to occupy the area and
bring the locals into line.
Succession & Role of Emperors
• Not hereditary,
theoretically senate chose
but actuality = military
• 2 CE ruler select adopt
a son that is mature and
able to succeed
• Role of Emperors
deified after death
(complete abandonment of
republic), wrote new laws
(supplement 12 tabs)
Empire State Structure
• Urban Empire
administered thru cities,
urban ppl benefited most
• Upper class lived in
townhouses on hill
centered around atrium
• Lower classes lived in
cramped slums
• City/town structure
mimicked Rome
Empire State Structure
• Landownership – end of conquest caused decrease
in slaves moved towards tenant farming – lived
and farmed the land in return gave up portion of
crops
• Wealth concentrated in cities
• City ppl wealthy off of commerce – pax romana
peaceful trade of resources and goods throughout
empire
– Also allowed spread of culture Romanization
• Empire gradually extended citizenship in return
for 26 years military service, good service, etc.
• Extension of citizenship led transition into
commonwealth – eventually intellectuals and
emperors from other places
Rise of Christianity
• Judaea under Roman control 6 CE
• Roman/Jewish tensions – Jews wait for
liberator
• Jesus – upset Jewish authority who turned him
over to the Romans, sentenced to die
• Followers (apostles) believed he was the
messiah and sought to spread his teachings &
their beliefs
• Initial split Jews that followed apostles &
belief JC was messiah & those that retain
traditional Jewish beliefs
• Paul established Christian communities
Rise of Christianity
• Christians grew
slowly & appealed to
disenfranchised
groups – developed
hierarchy of priests
• Persecuted by
Romans B/C
monotheism doesn’t
allow emperor
worship
Technology
• Easiness & safety of
travel helped the
expansion of Christianity
& commerce
• Engineering experts
roads, bridges, arches,
fortifications, etc.
– Aqueducts
underground conduits
that move water from
source to city
rd
3
Century Crisis
• 235-284 CE economic,
political, & military
problems nearly cause
collapse of Empire
• Frequent change of rulers
= instability – Rise of
Germanic tribes
• Inflation, decline of
municipal aristocracy,
population shift out of
cities
Constantine
• Diocletian saved Rome from destruction –
fixed prices, froze professions
– Caused the creation of a black market
• Eventual successor = Constantine believed
Christian God helped him win a crucial battle – issued
Edict of Milan: end persecution of Christians and
allowed freedom of worship
• Major impact in history ppl began converting B/C
Christians had advantage over nons when seeking political
offices
• Moved capital to Byzantium – Constantinople
Byzantine & Germans
• Split B/T E & W parts of Empire Grks in
West under influence of Germanic ppl –
East known as Byzantine Empire (from
Constantine name)
• 335 Council of Nicaea resolve
disputes over Christian doctrine – next
several centuries continued to argue about
theology
• Christianity progressed through the cities
B/C rural ppl stuck with polytheism
Byzantines & Germans
• Religion didn’t
interfere w/ expanding
the empire – Justinian
took back N. Africa
from Germans
• Compiled 1000 yrs of –
Corpus Juris
Civilis (Body if Civil
Law)
• W & E officially split
after 395 – eventual
decline of Rome, last
Roman empire in 476
Decline of Rome
• 530 Rome in shambles
– W fragmented in
Germanic kingdoms
• Rome lost importance
but retained seat of
patriarch of Roman
church – Pope
• Latin language evolved
into romantic
languages
The Origins of Imperial China:
221 B.C.E-220 C.E.
The Qin Unification of
China, 221–207 B.C.E.
• By 221 B.C.E., the Qinfirst Chinese “empire.”
• Success due to:
a. defending against
“barbarian” neighbors,
b. the adoption of Legalist
methods
c. ambition of Shi Huangdi
and his advisors.
• Qin established strong
centralized state by:
a. eliminating rival centers
of authority
b. establishing
primogeniture
c. creating a strong
bureaucracy.
Also standardized law,
measurements, coinage,
and writing.
Suppressed Confucianism.
• Qin sent a large military force to drive
nomads north.
• Constructed connections and
extensions to walls built earlier to
defend the kingdoms, the ancestor of
the Great Wall of China.
• Shi Huangdi’s attack on the nomads
inadvertently united the fragmented
nomads under the Xiongnu
Confederacy,
• To fill their military and labor needs, the Qin
government instituted an oppressive program
of compulsory military and labor services.
Shi Huangdi died in
210 B.C.E.
Tomb guarded by a
terracotta clay army of
seven thousand
soldiers. His son
secured the throne but
proved to be weak
Qin rule was over by
206 B.C.E.
The Long Reign of the Han
202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.
Gaozu (the throne name of Liu Bang) -peasant
who defeated all other contestants for control
of China, -established the Han dynasty.
The Han political system used both Confucian
philosophy and Legalist techniques.
To ease their transition and help the economy,
the Han:
• reduced taxes and government spending
• collected and stored surplus grain for times
of shortage.
Gaozu restored the system of feudal grants
Confrontation with the Xiongnu
confederacy policy of appeasement
(annual gifts)
Emperor Wu(r. 141–87 B.C.E.)
Expanded the empire into areas as
far as northern Vietnam, Manchuria,
and North Korea.
Instead of appeasing the Xiongnu, he
built his military to fight the
northern nomads.
The Long Reign of the Han
202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.
Wu’s reign -expansion of
Chinese territory into the
northwest and the foundations
of the Silk Road,
The state also adopted
Confucianism, using
Confucian scholars as officials
of the government, who in turn
expected exemplary ethical
behavior from their rulers.
Chinese Society
The family-basic unit of
society.
Male Dominated
Ancestors were thought to
take an active interest in
the affairs of the current
generation
Were routinely consulted,
appeased, and venerated.
During the Western Han period (202 B.C.E.–8 C.E.)
capital-Chang’an.
Chang’an was an easily defended walled city with
easy access to good arable land. The population in 2
C.E. was 246,000. Other cities and towns imitated the
urban planning of Chang’an
During the Eastern Han (23–220 C.E.) capital-
Luoyang
The elite of Chang’an lived in elegant
multistoried houses arranged on
broad, well-planned boulevards.
They dressed in fine silks, were
connoisseurs of art and literature,
and indulged in numerous
entertainments. The common people
lived in closely packed houses in
largely unplanned, winding alleys.
Local officials were supplied by a class of
moderately wealthy, educated local landowners
whom historians refer to as the gentry. The gentry
adopted Confucianism as their ideology and
pursued careers in the civil service, most often
paying to have their sons trained in the same
profession. Merchant families also tended to be
based in cities. Chinese men were required to give
two years of military service and often spent their
time stationed on distant frontier posts.
New Forms of Thought and Belief
• Relative to technological innovations, the
Han era saw the development of the
watermill, a usable horse collar, paper,
horse breeding to supply cavalry forces,
and a reliable crossbow trigger.
• The Qin and Han also built thousands of
miles of roads to facilitate army movement
and a network of canals connecting
northern and southern river systems.
The Chinese believed in a number of nature spirits whom
they worshipped and tried to appease.
Daoism, which emphasized the search for the dao, or
“path,” emphasized harmony with nature. Because Daoism
tended to question tradition and reject hierarchy,
charismatic Daoist teachers led a number of popular
uprisings during the last decades of the dynasty.
Buddhism was introduced to China in the first century
C.E., probably spread by merchants on the Silk Road.
Because Buddhism called for monks to withdraw from
families and abstain from sex, it came into conflict with
Confucian beliefs in family and procreation of children to
maintain the cult of ancestors, leading to its gradual
reshaping for acceptance in Chinese culture.
Decline of the Han
The Han Empire was undermined by a number of factors:
• First, the imperial court was plagued by weak
leadership and court intrigue.
• Second, nobles and merchants built up large
landholdings at the expense of the small farmers,
and peasants sought tax relief, reducing revenues
for the empire.
• Third, the system of military conscription broke
down and the central government had to rely on
mercenaries whose loyalty was questionable.
Decline of the Han
These factors, compounded by
factionalism at court, official
corruption, peasant uprisings, and
nomadic attacks, led to the fall of the
dynasty in 220 C.E. China entered a
period of political fragmentation
that lasted until the late sixth
century.
Hmmmm…
This might
be a good
question.
Compare the
administration of
government , social
structure and culture
in Han China and the
Roman Empire.