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ROME
• The Italian Peninsula was settled in
prehistory. By 1000 – 500 BCE three
groups battled for control. The Latins, who
were headquartered at Rome, the Greeks,
who had colonies on the southern coast and
Sicily, and the Etruscans, who were native
to northern Italy.
Roman Social Classes
• Early Rome was dominated by
two social classes; the patricians
and the plebeians.
• Patricians - wealthy aristocratic class,
Latin nobles.
• Plebeians - wealthy non-aristocratic
townspeople and landowners as well as
merchants and farmers.
Government Under the Republic
• Early government was divided into two
branches; executive and legislative.
• Rome had two officials called consuls who
commanded the army and directed the
government.
• The senate was the aristocratic branch of
Rome’s government. (Led foreign &
domestic policy) (Later plebians were
allowed in the senate.)
• Dictators were chosen during time of crisis
by the consuls and elected by the senate.
The Roman Army
• Rome’s success in war
was due to its strong
army.
• Every male citizen had to
serve in the military when
needed.
• Roman generals improved
on ek military tactics by
employing smaller, more
mobile divisions of
troops. (Legions, century)
• Rome’s power grew slowly and steadily as the
legions battled for control of Italy. Eventually they
defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greek
city-states to the south. By 265 BCE the Romans
controlled almost all of Italy.
• People in different conquered areas received
different treatment. Conquered Latins (central
Italy) were allowed full citizenship. Territories
farther from Rome were allow citizenship, but not
the vote. All other territories were not considered
citizens, but allies of Rome.
• The lenient policy toward defeated enemies
helped in Rome’s growth.
• Rome’s location gave it easy access to the
riches of the lands ringing the
Mediterranean Sea. Rome traded olive oil
and wine for foods, raw materials, and
manufactured good from other lands.
• Other large and powerful cities interfered
with Roman access to the Mediterranean.
The Punic Wars
The First Punic War
• Carthage had expanded to Sicily and the
Romans wanted to stop them.
• Carthage wanted the Strait of Messina and
the Romans defended it.
• The Romans began using grappling hooks
to get on board Carthage’s ships and fight
hand to hand.
• The First Punic Wars lasted 23 years.
Rome won.
The Second Punic War
• Hannibal led 59,000
men and 60 elephants
into the Alps.
• Sickness, hunger, snow,
and attacks killed most
of the elephants & men.
• The Second Punic War
lasted 17 years with
Rome winning.
The Third Punic War
• Began in 146 B.C.E. following 50 years of
peace.
• During the war the Romans burned
Carthage and sold its people into slavery.
• The Romans also tilled salt into the soil.
• Rome won.
Religion & Family
• Early Romans worshiped
nature spirits which later
became gods and goddesses.
• The Romans borrowed Greek
deities and gave them Roman
names. (Jupiter / Zeus)
• The family was the basic unit
of Roman society with the
father the head of the
household.
• Roman wives had few legal
rights, but had more freedom
than Greek women.
Julius Caesar
• He was a celebrated Roman
general and statesman.
• Joined forces with Crassus &
Pompey to form the triumvirate.
• He won a victory in the Civil War
of 49-46 BC by controlling the
Rubicon River, and was dictator
from 46-44 BC.
• He changed the Roman republic
into a monarchy and a truly
Mediterranean empire.
Caesar Cont.
• He was launching a series of
political and social reforms
when he was assassinated by a
group of nobles, as he was on
his way to Pompey's Theater
where the Senate convened.
• The day was March 15, 44
B.C. which is known as 'The
Ides of March'.
• Caesar’s grandnephew
Octavian would become ruler
and create what was known as
the Roman Empire.
Pax Romana
• Period of peace and
prosperity.
• The Colosseum and
Circus Maximus was
constructed.
• Built a series of stone
water channels called
aqueducts.
• Traded with places as
distant as China and
Britain.
Circus Maximus
GLADIATORS
Gladiators
• Were professional fighters in ancient Rome.
• Fought against each other, wild animals,
and condemned criminals, sometimes to the
death, for the entertainment of spectators.
• These fights took place in arenas in many
cities from the Roman Republic period
through the Roman Empire.
Gladiators Cont.
• Gladiators typically were
either prisoners of war,
slaves or criminals
condemned to gladiator
schools (ad ludum
gladiatorium).
• There were also a number of
volunteer gladiators.
• Gladiators were paid each
time they fought & could
buy their freedom but could
never become Roman
citizens.
Rome’s Power Spreads
• 6 CE
Rome made Judea a province
Jesus of Nazareth
• At age 30 began a traveling ministry
• Ministry very attractive to the poor
• His popularity threatened Roman
and Jewish leaders
• Apostles – Jesus’ 12 disciples or
students
• Pax Romana made spread of
Christianity easy
• Apostle Paul welcomed all converts –
Jews or Gentiles. Paul spread
Christianity throughout the empire.
Jewish rebellions
• 66 CE band of Jews rebelled against
Rome
• Rome stormed Jerusalem, burned
the temple mount
• 132 CE Jews rebelled again Rome
forced Jews to leave Judea: Diaspora
Christianity
• Problems for Rome
• Refused to :
– worship Roman gods
– honor emperor as a god
– perform military service
• Taught their religion was the “one true
faith”
• scribed his conversion to Christianity.
Rome Responds
• Christians persecuted
• Thousands were crucified, burned, or
killed by wild animals
• scribed his conversion to Christianity.
Emperor Constantine
• Ended persecution of Christians
• Declared Christianity one of the
approved religions
Decline and Fall of Rome
• 3rd Century Huns and other tribes
invaded
• Disruption of trade
• Raised taxes, minted coins with less
silver, suffered from inflation
• Serious food shortages and spread of
disease
• his conversion to Christianity.
Reform attempts
• Diocletian splits the empire into 2 parts
• Constantine reunites the empire, moves
capital to Byzantium (renamed
Constantinople)
• After Constantine empire split in two
again
Western Empire Falls
• worsening internal problems
• Separation from resources of the Eastern
Empire
• Invaders: Germanic tribes and Huns
•The Empire contributed many things to the world:
•A calendar with leap years
•The institutions of Christianity
•Aspects of modern neo-classicistic and Byzantine architecture.
•The extensive system of roads that was constructed by the Roman Army lasts to this day.
•Because of this network of roads, the time necessary to travel between destinations in Europe did not
decrease until the 19th century, when steam power was invented.
•Even modern astrology comes to us directly from the Romans.
•The Roman Empire also contributed its form of government, which influences various constitutions
including those of most European countries and many former European colonies. In the United States, for
example, the framers of the Constitution remarked, in creating the Presidency, that they wanted to inaugurate
an "Augustan Age".
•The modern world also inherited legal thinking from Roman law, fully codified in Late Antiquity.
•Governing a vast territory, the Romans developed the science of public administration to an extent never
before conceived or necessary, creating an extensive civil service and formalized methods of tax collection.
• Eastern Empire flourishes until 1453 CE,
when it fell to the Ottomans.
Roman Decline
• Constantine ordered most jobs to be hereditary.
• Constantine moved the capital to the city of
Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople.
• After the death of Theodosius, (last Roman
Emperor) the eastern part of the Roman Empire
became known as the Byzantine Empire.
• Barbarian invasions by the Visigoths, Huns and
Vandals led to the fall of Rome in 455 CE.
Latin Alphabet word distribution.
Christianity by percentage of population in each
country.
Turn to page 159 in your textbook.
Include this activity in your notes.
Title this activity:
“The Punic Wars.”
1. How many miles did Hannibal’s forces march to
reach Cannae?
2. What territories did Rome add between 264 BCE
and 146 BCE?
3. Refer to the map. Which battle came first?
Which battle came last?